全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4926篇 |
免费 | 174篇 |
国内免费 | 122篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 3篇 |
2023年 | 30篇 |
2022年 | 36篇 |
2021年 | 74篇 |
2020年 | 70篇 |
2019年 | 102篇 |
2018年 | 85篇 |
2017年 | 74篇 |
2016年 | 84篇 |
2015年 | 89篇 |
2014年 | 185篇 |
2013年 | 254篇 |
2012年 | 157篇 |
2011年 | 214篇 |
2010年 | 171篇 |
2009年 | 264篇 |
2008年 | 301篇 |
2007年 | 293篇 |
2006年 | 254篇 |
2005年 | 228篇 |
2004年 | 239篇 |
2003年 | 157篇 |
2002年 | 157篇 |
2001年 | 117篇 |
2000年 | 126篇 |
1999年 | 101篇 |
1998年 | 133篇 |
1997年 | 106篇 |
1996年 | 94篇 |
1995年 | 157篇 |
1994年 | 109篇 |
1993年 | 110篇 |
1992年 | 106篇 |
1991年 | 86篇 |
1990年 | 90篇 |
1989年 | 58篇 |
1988年 | 48篇 |
1987年 | 46篇 |
1986年 | 27篇 |
1985年 | 34篇 |
1984年 | 31篇 |
1983年 | 23篇 |
1982年 | 29篇 |
1981年 | 14篇 |
1980年 | 20篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 10篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 11篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有5222条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
《European journal of cell biology》2019,98(5-8):151044
Cripto-1 is a protein participating in tissue orientation during embryogenesis but has also been implicated in a wide variety of cancers, such as colon, lung and breast cancer. Cripto-1 plays a role in the regulation of different pathways, including TGF-β/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin, which are highly associated with cell migration both during embryonal development and cancer progression. Little is known about the detailed subcellular localization of cripto-1 and how it participates in the directional movement of cells. In this study, the subcellular localization of cripto-1 in glioblastoma cells was investigated in vitro with high-resolution microscopy techniques. Cripto-1 was found to be localized to dynamic and shed filopodia and transported between cells through tunneling nanotubes. Our results connect the refined subcellular localization of cripto-1 to its functions in cellular orientation and migration. 相似文献
2.
3.
B. A. Uijtewaal E. Posthumus L. C. J. M. Suurs E. Jacobsen J. G. Th. Hermsen 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1987,74(4):451-458
Summary Plant growth performance was studied in 118 potato monohaploids and in their diploid parents. Of these monohaploids 76 were also investigated at the protoplast level and eight of these were used in protoplast fusion experiments as well. No correlation was found between relative performance of greenhouse grown and in vitro grown plants. No or only weak correlations were found between different in vitro characteristics such as plant growth, protoplast yield per gram plant material, plating efficiency and callus growth. This indicates the unpredictability of these characters.The protoplast fusion experiments indicated that only in some genotype combinations increased callus growth rates may be found. However, it is not clear whether such calli were hybrids or not. In protoplast monocultures only diploid and tetraploid regenerants were obtained. After fusion, tetraploids but also some triploids could be regenerated. The finding of triploids indicates that monoploid protoplasts were involved in fusion. Isozyme analysis and morphological assessment of the plants pointed out that the majority of the fusion regenerants were hybrids. The implications of these results are discussed. 相似文献
4.
Jin-Young Park 《Analytical biochemistry》2009,394(2):217-6489
Transglutaminases (TGs), a family of calcium-dependent transamidating enzymes, are involved in functions such as apoptosis and inflammation and play a role in autoimmune diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we describe a novel array-based approach to rapidly determine in situ TG activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and J82 human bladder carcinoma cells. Amine arrays were fabricated by immobilizing 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane on glass slides. The assay was specific and highly reproducible. The average coefficient of variation betweens spots was 2.6% (n = 3 arrays), and the average correlation coefficients between arrays and between arrays/reactions were 0.998 and 0.976, respectively (n = 3 arrays). The assay was successfully applied to detect changes in TG activity induced by maitotoxin and to analyze inhibition of the TG activation with cystamine and monodansyl cadaverine. In addition, the assay demonstrated that intracellular reactive oxygen species regulate the maitotoxin-induced activation of TG. Thus, the array-based in situ TG activity assay constitutes a rapid and high-throughput approach to investigating the roles of TGs in cell signaling. 相似文献
5.
Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has recently shown promise as a means of more accurately gauging the health of lung grafts and improving graft performance post-transplant. However, reperfusion of ischemic lung promotes the depletion of high-energy compounds and a progressive loss of normal mitochondrial function, and it remains unclear how and to what extent the EVLP approach contributes to this metabolic decline. Although ascorbate has been used to mitigate the effects of ischemia–reperfusion injury, the nature of its effects during EVLP are also not clear. To address these uncertainties, this study monitored the energy status of lungs during EVLP and after the administration of ascorbate using 31P and hyperpolarized 13C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance). Our experiments demonstrated that the oxidative phosphorylation capacity and pyruvate dehydrogenase flux of lungs decline during ex vivo perfusion. The addition of ascorbate to the perfusate prolonged lung viability by 80% and increased the hyperpolarized 13C bicarbonate signal by a factor of 2.7. The effect of ascorbate is apparently due not to its antioxidant quality but rather to its ability to energize cellular respiration given that it increased the lung’s energy charge significantly, whereas other antioxidants (glutathione and α-lipoic acid) did not alter energy metabolism. During ascorbate administration, inhibition of mitochondrial complex I with rotenone depressed energy charge and shifted the metabolic state of the lung toward glycolysis; reenergizing the electron transport chain with TMPD (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine) recovered metabolic activity. This indicates that ascorbate slows the decline of the ex vivo perfused lung’s mitochondrial activity through an independent interaction with the electron transport chain complexes. 相似文献
6.
We previously reported on the in vitro antifungal activity of a crude whole plant extract from Eucomis autumnalis against seven economically important plant pathogenic fungi. A crude extract of the bulb showed similar in vitro mycelial growth inhibition of the same plant pathogenic fungi as well as that of an eighth fungus, Mycosphaerella pinodes, the cause of black spot or Ascochyta blight, in peas. Subsequently, fourth internode leaves were removed from 4 wk old pea plants, placed on moist filter paper in Petri dishes and inoculated with an M. pinodes spore suspension before and after treatment with the extract. The control of Ascochyta blight by different concentrations of the crude E. autumnalis extract was followed in vivo by leaf symptoms over a 6 day period at 20°C in a growth cabinet. The crude extract prevented M. pinodes spore infection of the leaves when the leaves were inoculated with spores both before or after treatment with the extract, confirming complete inhibition of spore germination. The crude E. autumnalis extract showed no phytotoxic reaction on the leaves even at the highest concentration applied. 相似文献
7.
Claude E. Payri Stéphane Maritorena Christophe Bizeau Michel Rodière 《Journal of phycology》2001,37(2):223-234
Pigment concentration, in vivo absorption, and photosynthetic parameters of the coralline alga Hydrolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Penrose and Woelkerling were compared among samples from a lagoon and from a reef crest of Tahiti Island. Four groups of specimens were considered, differing in their natural exposure to PAR. For specimens collected from the lagoon, the tissues from low-light samples had significantly higher pigment concentration, particularly chl a and phycobilins, compared with the high-light exposed plants that contained more total carotenoids. The in vivo absorption spectra normalized to chl a (called a* values) also revealed differences. The low-light samples had a reduced absorption capacity and a well-marked phycobilin absorption signature, whereas sunlit samples showed a greater absorption at wavelengths absorbed mainly by chl a and carotenoids. The decrease of a* when pigment concentration increased is interpreted as a consequence of the pigment packaging. Significantly lower α (chlorophyll basis) and higher Ek values were found in the shaded plants. The values of P max for the four groups of specimens were not significantly different. The samples showed various degrees of photoinhibition depending on the light exposure during growth, and this effect was more pronounced in the shaded plants. The specimens from the reef crest deviate from the general model presented for the lagoon samples and show a mix of sun- and shade-exposed characteristics. We have shown that the coralline alga H. onkodes responds to its light environment, probably by acclimation rather than ecotypic genetic variation, by adjusting its physiology, but some morphological differences are also involved. Photoacclimation can explain partly the wide distribution of this species over the reef ecosystem and its major contribution to the building of the reef. 相似文献
8.
Summary An in situ hybridization method was developed for detecting single or low copy number genes in metaphase chromosomes of plants. Using as a probe 3H-labelled plasmid pABDI, which confers kanamycin resistance (Kmr) to transformed cells. DNA introduced into the plant genome by direct gene transfer was detected with a high efficiency: about 60% to 80% of interphase and metaphase plates showed a strong signal. The insertion site of the Kmr gene in two independent transformants was localised on different homologous chromosome pairs. This result independently confirmed previous genetic data which had indicated that transformed DNA was integrated into plant chromosomes in single blocks. 相似文献
9.
10.
Summary The physical localization of sequences homologous to three cloned genes was determined by in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. Previous work had assigned the skeletal myosin heavy chain gene cluster (Myh), the functional locus for the cellular tumor antigen p53 (Trp53-1), and the cellular homologue of the viral erb-B oncogene (Erbb) toMus musculus chromosome 11 (MMU11). Our results provide regional assignments ofMyh andTrp53-1 to chromosome bands B2C, and ofErbb to bands A1A4. Taken together with in situ mapping of three other loci on MMU 11 (Hox-2 homeobox-containing gene cluster, theSparc protein, and theColla-1 collagen gene), which have been reported elsewhere, these data allowed us to construct a physical map of MMU11 and to compare it with the linkage map of this chromosome. The map positions of the homologous genes on human chromosomes suggest evolutionary relationships of distinct regions of MMU11 with six different human chromosome arms: 1p, 5q, 7p, 16p, 17p, and 17q. The delineation of conserved chromosome regions has important implications for the understanding of karyotype evolution in mammalian species and for the development of animal models of human genetic diseases. 相似文献