A novel immunoassay with direct relevance to protection against organophosphate poisoning

Antiparaoxon immune sera were employed in a new immunoassay based on competition between acetylcholinesterase and antibodies for the binding ofparaoxon. Unlike radioimmunoassay, the new assay described herein can be extended to predict the feasibility of antibodies to confer in vivo protection of acetylcholinesterase against organophosphate poisoning. The toxicity of paraoxon was reduced in mice which were pre-injected with the immune sera.     

Taenia solium: cell reactions to the larva (Cysticercus cellulosae) in naturally parasitized, immunized hogs

In hogs naturally infected with Taenia solium larvae (i.e., Cysticercus cellulosae), we studied the host response induced by antigens obtained from the larvae. Histopathological studies of cysticerci removed after 4 and 8 weeks of immunization showed an intense inflammatory reaction surrounding the larvae. The response was greater in the 8-week specimens. A dense layer of eosinophils was in close contact with the external membrane of the bladder wall and, in several cases, the eosinophils had infiltrated this tegument. Many eosinophils were seen in the spiral canal of larvae. This infiltration by eosinophils increased with time. Preparations from the 8-week samples showed many degenerated and disrupted eosinophils whose granules were found in close contact with the outer membrane of the larval tegument and, in some cases, had entered through the broken surface of this structure. More than 90% of the larvae were found in various stages of degeneration; the rest were completely destroyed and surrounded by a mass of eosinophils. After immunization, peripheral blood eosinophilia increased to 17%, whereas the eosinophilia of the control hog was 4% throughout the study. The larval worms removed from control hogs showed intact structures, with a low degree of infiltration by eosinophils and a discrete inflammatory reaction surrounding the bladder wall of the larvae.     

Trypanosoma congolense. I. Clinical observations of experimentally infected cattle

The course of disease was studied in 8 cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Although the onset of patency was dependent on the numbers of infecting organisms, the duration of the infection was not. High fevers were present on the day of or the day after initial patency. Succeeding peaks of parasitemia, and a progressive weight loss of over 30% occurred. A decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) beginning the first week after infection was observed. Early in the course of the developing anemia, many polychromatophilic erythrocytes and occasional normoblasts were found in the blood. A leucopenia persisted for the duration of the disease. Total serum protein concentrations fell sharply during the first 5 weeks of infection, then gradually increased to low normal levels. Serum albumin levels followed a similar pattern for the first 5 weeks, and remained at a relatively low level. Although gamma globulin levels also declined during the first 5 weeks, their levels gradually surpassed those of preinfection samples. No marked changes in serum glucose were noted. A mild elevation of serum urea nitrogen values occurred early during infection, but subsided. The animals dying early after infection developed elevated total bilirubin levels.     

不同月龄婴儿接种DTP后血清中百日咳抗体水平的观测

本文对比观察了２１３例２月龄、３月龄婴儿接种ＤＴＰ后百日咳抗体水平的变化,探讨了母传抗体对免后抗体增长的影响。结果表明２月龄、３月龄婴儿ＤＴＰ免疫后１个月和３个月血清中百日咳抗体达保护水平的百分率无显著性差异（ｘ￣２＝０．０３６,ｐ＞０．９;ｘ￣２＝０．３２７,ｐ＞０．５）,免后１个月抗体ＧＭＴ无显著性差异（ｔ＝０．１７,ｐ＞０．５）,免后３个月抗体ＧＭＴ３月龄组高于２月龄组（ｔ＝２．２２,ｐ＜０．０５）。我们还发现免前抗体水平与免后１个月ＧＭＴ虽有负相关（ｒ＝—０,７５４）的倾向,但总体上对抑制免后抗体应答不明显,因而建议将儿童ＤＴＰ基础免疫的起始月龄提前至２月龄进行。     

PMab-219: A monoclonal antibody for the immunohistochemical analysis of horse podoplanin

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, and bovine podoplanin (PDPN), a lymphatic endothelial cell marker, have been established in our previous studies. However, mAbs against horse PDPN (horPDPN), which are useful for immunohistochemical analysis, remain to be developed. In the present study, mice were immunized with horPDPN-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells (CHO/horPDPN), and hybridomas producing mAbs against horPDPN were screened using flow cytometry. One of the mAbs, PMab-219 (IgG_2a, kappa), specifically detected CHO/horPDPN cells via flow cytometry and recognized horPDPN protein using Western blotting. Furthermore, PMab-219 strongly stained CHO/horPDPN via immunohistochemistry. These findings suggest that PMab-219 is useful for investigating the function of horPDPN.     

Establishment of a monoclonal antibody PMab-225 against alpaca podoplanin for immunohistochemical analyses

Podoplanin (PDPN) is known as a lymphatic endothelial cell marker. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, bovine, pig, and horse PDPN have been established in our previous studies. However, mAbs against alpaca PDPN (aPDPN), required for immunohistochemical analysis, remain to be developed. In the present study, we employed the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method for producing anti-aPDPN mAbs. We immunized mice with aPDPN-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells (CHO/aPDPN), and hybridomas producing mAbs against aPDPN were screened using flow cytometry. One of the mAbs, PMab-225 (IgG_2b, kappa), specifically detected CHO/aPDPN cells via flow cytometry and recognized the aPDPN protein on Western blotting. Further, PMab-225 strongly stained lung type I alveolar cells, colon lymphatic endothelial cells, and kidney podocytes via immunohistochemistry. These findings demonstrate that PMab-225 antibody is useful to investigate the function of aPDPN via different techniques.     

A synthetic bmti n-terminal fragment as antigen in bovine immunoprotection against the tick Boophilus microplus in a pen trial

Cattle tick control remains a serious problem in cattle farms worldwide, due to the limited success achieved with chemicals. Although the use of vaccines for tick control may open possibilities for an integrated approach, the search for other protective antigens is still necessary to improve control. Boophilus microplus is a rich source of BmTIs, serine proteinase inhibitors that are present throughout the tick's lifecycle. The present paper reports a pen trial conducted to evaluate the performance of a synthetic BmTI N-terminal fragment as antigen against the tick in bovines. The trial was conducted with two groups of eight crossbred cattle under controlled infestation: one group was vaccinated with BmTI peptide using saponin as adjuvant and the other was kept as control. Challenge was performed with 15,000 larvae. The specific IgG response was measured by ELISA, with successful outcomes for vaccinated animals. Vaccination resulted in an 18.4% level of efficacy when compared with the control group.     

Peptide-loaded dendritic cells prime and activate MHC-class I-restricted T cells more efficiently than protein-loaded cross-presenting DC

Undifferentiated and differentiated dendritic cells (uDC and dDC, respectively), derived from the bone marrow, were studied in vitro and in vivo. Ovalbumin (OVA) and two OVA-derived peptides binding to H-2K(b) and I-A(b), respectively, were used. Two IL-2 secreting T cell hybridomas specific for the OVA-derived epitopes were used in the in vitro read-out. The ability to cross-present the H-2K(b) binding OVA(257-264)-peptide (SIINFEKL) was restricted to dDC, which express CD11c(+), CD86(+), and MHC-II(+). In vitro, the antigenicity of SIINFEKL-loaded DC declined at a slower rate than that of OVA-pulsed DC. Moreover, SIINFEKL-loaded DC were up to 50 times more efficient than DC-pulsed with OVA-protein for generation of an H-2K(b)-restricted response. Immunization of mice with SIINFEKL-loaded DC resulted in a much stronger H-2K(b)-restricted response than immunization with OVA-pulsed DC. These data might have important implications for the choice of antigen source in the design of DC-based vaccines.     

中药地黄饮子对小鼠抗体激发水平的影响

目的:探讨地黄饮子对小鼠抗体激发水平的影响。方法:将40只经卵核蛋白免疫过的小鼠随机分A、B两组,分别灌服地黄饮子和葡萄糖,1次/d,每次0.5mL只,连续7d后,加强免疫,再经7d,用ELISA法检测血清中相应抗体生成水平。结果:与葡萄糖组比较,地黄饮子组小鼠抗体水平升高,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:地黄饮子有可能促进小鼠抗体激发水平和免疫水平的提高。     

Efficient immunization strategies on complex networks

In this paper, we proposed an efficient immunization—“high-risk immunization”. The standard SIRS model was modified, respectively, on WS small-world network and BA scale-free network. Based on our new SIRS model, the density of infected individuals was analyzed from a theoretical point of view, and computer simulation was implemented on different networks. The results indicate that the high-risk immunization is effective, and it is economic and feasible in practice.