黑河流域中游地区净初级生产力的人类占用

基于Miami模型,对黑河流域中游净初级生产力的人类占用（HANPP）及其与生态系统多样性的关系进行了研究,并对HANPP与生态足迹（EF）指标在可持续发展评估方面的价值进行了比较.结果表明：HANPP的提高将降低生态系统多样性,研究区现状年的平均HANPP率为38.61%,肃州区和甘州区的HANPP已超过生态系统潜在生产能力的极限;结合气候变化和社会经济发展状况进行分析,未来40年黑河流域中游生态系统将面临更大压力.与生态足迹（EF）相比,HANPP更适于从生态系统功能变化角度评估区域发展的可持续性.     

Nitrogen use efficiency in instantaneous and daily photosynthesis of leaves in the canopy of a Solidago altissima stand

Photosynthetic capacity was measured on detached leaves sampled in a canopy of Solidago altissima L. Non-rectangular hyperbola fitted the light response curve of photosynthesis and significant correlations were observed between leaf nitrogen per unit area and four parameters which characterize the light-response curve. Using regressions of the parameters on leaf nitrogen, a model of leaf photosynthesis was constructed which gave the relationships between leaf nitrogen, photon flux density (PFD) and photosynthesis. Curvilinear relations were obtained between leaf nitrogen and photosynthetic rate on both an instantaneous and a daily basis. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, photosynthesis per unit leaf nitrogen) was calculated against leaf nitrogen under varying PFDs. The optimum nitrogen content per unit leaf area that maximizes NUE shifted to higher values with increasing PFD. Field measurements of PFD showed high positive correlations between the distribution of leaf nitrogen in the canopy and relative PFD. The predicted optimum leaf nitrogen content for each level in the canopy, to achieve maximized NUE during a clear day, was close to the actual nitrogen distribution as found through sampling.     

基于叶面积指数改进的直角双曲线模型在玉米农田生态系统中的应用

一般认为,生态系统的总初级生产力(GPP)对光合有效辐射(LAI)的响应曲线可以用直角双曲线来描述.研究表明,在不同的生长季进行模拟,模拟的直角双曲线的两个参数Amax和α值不同.为消除模型参数季节变化对模拟结果的影响,直角双曲线模型通常应用于较短的时间尺度(如半月、10d或5d),然而,这种在较短的时间尺度上进行模拟的方法过于繁琐,并且当通量数据缺失过多时,在短的时间模拟窗口上,少量的数据不足以拟合直角双曲线模型.在这种情况下,无法利用直角双曲线模型对生态系统的GPP进行准确的模拟,或者对缺失的碳通量数据进行插补.以玉米农田生态系统为例,旨在阐明生态系统的环境因子和生物因子在不同生长季对直角双曲线模型中两个参数Amax和α值的影响.结果表明,Amax与LAI具有显著的直线关系:Amax=a LAI+b(a=0.64,b=0.15,R=0.74,P=0.002).据此我们对直角双曲线模型进行了改进,用以预测半小时尺度的玉米农田生态系统GPP.与未改进的直角双曲线模型进行比较,在整个生长季进行模拟,改进的直角双曲线模型明显提高了模拟的精度;当在较短的时间窗口上进行模拟(半月时间尺度),改进的直角双曲线模型与之有着相似的精度.利用改进的双曲线模型不仅可以非常简捷地对生态系统GPP进行模拟,而且可以解释直角双曲线模型参数Amax值的连续变化,尤其是,当涡相关观测数据大量缺失时,可以很方便并且较为准确地插补缺失数据.     

Constraints on the process of interresponse-time reinforcement as the explanation of variable-interval performance

Computer modelling was used to investigate the adequacy of the principle of reinforcement of single interresponse-times (IRTs) as an explanation of variable-interval performance. Variations in three components of models employing IRT reinforcement were simulated; these were (i) rules for selecting previously-reinforced IRTs from the IRT memory as “candidates” for output (acceptance rules), (ii) processes involving the transformation of previously-reinforced IRTs to generate behavioural variability, and (iii) the role of the minimum IRT value permitted by the models. In general, simulation output resembled experimental data only when (i) acceptance rules discriminated strongly against long, and in favour of short, IRTs; and (ii) when IRTs were transformed by distributions in which standard deviation was a large fraction (50–125%) of the mean, thus generating substantial IRT variability. Simulation results were analyzed by means of Herrnstein's hyperbolic equation, and in general, it was found that the output of IRT reinforcement models was insensitive to the rate of reinforcement received, as well as conforming less well to Herrnstein's equation than did experimental data. Overall, therefore, it was concluded that models of the reinforcement of single IRTs could provide an adequate simulation of VI performance only when the processes within them operated within narrow constraints. Even then, models involving the reinforcement of single IRTs could adequately simulate only those VI data in which response rate was insensitive to reinforcement rate.