Population dynamics ofGlaux maritima (L.) along a distributional cline

Population fluctuations ofGlaux maritima, along a transect on a Baltle sea shore meadow, were recorded between 1979 and 1983. A bimodal distribution in numbers along the transect reflects the variation in factors regulating numbers: The two maintenance systems of the species, vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction play different roles. Vegetative propagation is fast and responds quickly to variations in the environment. The seeds germinate in strongly fluctuating temperatures which are triggered by disturbances such as flooding, damaging the vegetation.     

Modelling biomass of mountainous grasslands by including a species composition map

High mountain grasslands offer multiple goods and services to society but are severely threatened by improper land use practices such as abandonment or rapid intensification. In order to reduce abandonment and strengthen the common extensive agricultural practice a sustainable land use management of high mountain grasslands is needed. A spatially detailed yield assessment helps to identify possible meadows or, on the contrary, areas with a low carrying capacity in a region, making it easier to manage these sites. Such assessments are rarely available for remote and inaccessible areas. Remotely sensed vegetation indices are able to provide valuable information on grassland properties. These indices tend, however, to saturate for high biomass. This affects their applicability to assessments of high-yield grasslands.The main aim of this study was to model a spatially explicit grassland yield map and to test whether saturation issues can be tackled by consideration of plant species composition in the modelling process. The high mountain grassland of the subalpine belt (1800 – 2500 m a.s.l.) in the Kazbegi region, Greater Caucasus, Georgia, was chosen as test site for its strong species composition and yield gradients.We first modelled the species composition of the grassland described as metrically scaled gradients in the form of ordination axes by random forest regression. We then derived vegetation indices from Rapid Eye imagery, and topographic variables from a digital elevation model, which we used together with the multispectral bands as predictive variables. For comparison, we performed two yield models, one excluding the species composition maps and one including the species composition map as predictors. Moreover, we performed a third individual model, with species composition as predictors and a split dataset, to produce the final yield map.Three main grassland types were found in the vegetation analysis: Hordeum violaceum-meadows, Gentianella caucasea-grassland and Astragalus captiosus-grassland. The three random forest regression models for the ordination axes explained 64%, 33% and 46% of the variance in species composition. Independent validation of modelled ordination scores against a validation data set resulted in an R² of 0.64, 0.32 and 0.46 for the first, second and third axes, respectively. The model based on species composition resulted in a R² = 0.55, whereas the benchmark model showed weaker relationships between yield and the multispectral reflectance, vegetation indices, and topographical parameters (R² = 0.42). The final random forest yield model used to derive the yield map resulted in 62% variance explained and an R² = 0.64 between predicted and observed biomass. The results further indicate that high yields are generally difficult to predict with both models.The benefit of including a species composition map as a predictor variable for grassland yield lies in the preservation of ecologically meaningful features, especially the occurrence of high yielding vegetation type of Hordeum violaceum meadows is depicted accurately in the map. Even though we used a gradient based design, sharp boundaries or immediate changes in productivity were visible, especially in small structures such as arable fields or roads (Fig. 6b), making it a valuable tool for sustainable land use management. The saturation effect however, was mitigated by using species composition as predictor variables but is still present at high yields.     

白毛新木姜子[Neolitsea aurata var.glauca]胚胎学研究

应用光学显微镜对白毛新木姜子的胚胎学特征进行了研究,首次在非寄生性樟科植物中发现了细胞型胚乳。对樟科8属进行了胚胎学特征的比较。花药四室,药室壁的发育属于"基本型",周原质团型绒毡层。小孢子母细胞连续型分裂。等四面体型四分体。二细胞成熟花粉,无孔沟。雌孢原多个,一般仅一个能继续发育。蓼型胚囊。助细胞具丝状器。反足细胞宿存。大孢子母细胞和合子具极性。宿存的一个助细胞具有吸器功能。细胞型胚乳,胚胎发育属于柳叶菜型的三叶变型。种皮源于外珠被,内表皮细胞壁螺旋状加厚。胚胎学特征表明,新木姜子属与木姜子属有密切的亲缘关系。较多的双胚囊异常现象,支持樟科与Monimiaceae具有紧密关系的推测。胚胎学特征不支持将无根藤属独立为科的观点。     

天祝高寒珠芽蓼草甸群落的热值和营养成分的初步研究

 本文报告了甘肃天祝高寒珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)草甸群落地上及地下四部分生物量的热值和营养成分动态,并对其放牧利用的价值进行了总的评价。 6—9月现存量的热值平均为18330焦／克干物质,或20279焦／克去灰分物质,较立枯物+凋落物、活根、死根的平均值为大;死根略大于活根。在珠芽蓼及其他大多数植物种子成熟期的8月下旬,现存量的热值最大,其他三部分的热值变化也有其各自的特点。现存量6—9月的平均营养成分以绝对干重计为：粗蛋白13.52%,粗脂肪2.25,粗纤维22.99,无氮浸出物51.88,粗灰分9.61(其中钙1.627,磷0.164);在时间变化上四部分各有其特点。根据地形、植物组成、产量、易食性、适口性、热值和营养成分等综合条件,认为珠芽蓼草甸是良好的放牧地。     

新疆呼图壁盐化草甸群落的DCA, CCA及DCCA分析

 本文应用DCA、CCA及DCCA排序技术对新疆呼图壁盐化草甸群落进行了分析。分析中选取了地下水位、粘土层出现深度、粘土层厚度、地下水pH值及地下水矿化度5个环境因子;同时为了分析空间格局对植被分异影响的大小,建立了样地空间坐标矩阵。结果表明：地下水位和地下水的pH值是引起植被分异的两个主要因素,空间格局对植被分异的影响大于环境因子对植被分异的影响。     

Use of paired plots and multivariate analysis for the determination of goat grazing preference

Abstract. Goat grazing is examined as a possible tool for grassland management. In this paper, goat grazing preferences are described. The proportion of biomass of particular species eaten by a goat was estimated on the basis of comparison of paired quadrats. The control quadrats were clipped before grazing and their biomass was compared with the biomass in grazed quadrats. Estimates of the proportion consumed were calculated for frequent species; they were significantly different among species; the most preferred species was Polygonum bistorta, a species with broad, soft, nutritious leaves. The least grazed species were Agrostis tenuis and Galium harcynicum. Various indices of food selectivity (e.g. forage ratio, electivity index) were calculated and their behaviour was compared. Canonical Correspondence Analysis and Redundancy Analysis with appropriate covariates reflecting the block design of the experiment were used to evaluate overall changes in species composition and yielded results similar to those from the direct estimation of the proportion consumed.     

Carbon distribution in grass (Festuca pratensis L.) during regrowth after cutting—utilization of stored and newly assimilated carbon

Distribution of net assimilated C in meadow fescue (Fectuca pratensi L.) was followed before and after cutting of the shoots. Plants were continuously labelled in a growth chamber with ¹⁴C-labelled CO₂ in the atmosphere from seedling to cutting and with ¹³C-labelled CO₂ in the atmosphere during regrowth after the cutting. Labelled C, both ¹⁴C and ¹³C, was determined at the end of the two growth periods in shoots, crowns, roots, soil and rhizosphere respiration. Distribution of net assimilated C followed almost the same pattern at the end of the two growth periods, i.e. at the end of the ¹⁴C- and the ¹³C-labelling periods. Shoots retained 71–73% of net assimilated C while 9% was detected in the roots and 11–14% was released from the roots, determined as labelled C in soil and as rhizosphere respiration. At the end of the 2nd growth period, after cutting and regrowth, 21% of the residual plant ¹⁴C at cutting (¹⁴C in crowns and roots) was found in the new shoot biomass. A minor part of the residual plant ¹⁴C, 12%, was lost from the plants. The decreases in ¹⁴C in crowns and roots during the regrowth period suggest that ¹⁴C in both crowns and roots was translocated to new shoot tissue. Approximately half of the total root C at the end of the regrowth period after cutting was ¹³C-labelled C and thus represents new root growth. Root death after cutting could not be determined in this experiment, since the decline in root ¹⁴C during the regrowth period may also be assigned to root respiration, root exudation and translocation to the shoots. ei]{gnH}{fnLambers} ei]{gnA C}{fnBorstlap}     

矮嵩草草甸植物群落的光合特性研究

 矮嵩草草甸植物群落的光合、暗呼吸和土壤呼吸的研究表明：光合作用的日变化在6月份接近平坦型,7、8月份呈午间降低型。矮嵩草草甸植物群落的光合作用受较低的光合面积指数及冠层叶片的受光势态的影响,存在着明显的光饱和现象,光补偿点及光饱和点相对于全日照光合有效辐射均较低,接近于单叶的光响应特性。裸露地面的土壤呼吸和植物与土壤体系的暗呼吸不仅与温度有关,而且与土壤水分状况和降雨量也有密切联系。影响草甸群落光合特性的主要因素有：高原地区强烈的太阳辐射,较低的光合面积指数和植物根系与土壤紧密结合所形成的草结皮层结构。     

科尔沁沙质草甸草场不同牧压条件植物群落分异数量分析

本文用ＴＷＩＮＳＰＡＮ分类和ＰＣＡ及ＤＣＡ排序技术分析了沙质草甸草场放牧试验引起地植物群落分异的特征,主要结论为：放牧强度是引起群落分异的主要原因,群落的分异主要表现在高度和现存生物量上。放牧引起群落变化的动力主要是放牧强度。而无牧条件下群落变化的主要动力是植物间的相互作用。当地的放牧强度处于中牧与重牧之间,属于过度放牧。这是引起草场退化及沙漠化的主要原因之一。