江苏海门蛎岈山牡蛎礁生态现状评价

基于2013—2014年间的生态调查结果,评价了江苏海门蛎岈山牡蛎礁的生态现状。无人机航拍结果显示,江苏海门蛎岈山分布有750个潮间带区牡蛎礁斑块,总面积约为201519.37 m2;与2003年相比,海门蛎岈山牡蛎礁面积约下降了38.8%。活体牡蛎的平均盖度约为66%,2013年5和9月熊本牡蛎Crassostrea sikamea的平均密度分别为(2199±363)个/m2和(2894±330)个/m2。2013年5月海门蛎岈山熊本牡蛎种群的平均肥满度(CI)和性腺指数(GI)分别为(9.76±0.95)%和(1013±82)mg/g,均显著低于浙江象山港养殖的熊本牡蛎种群(P0.05)。海门蛎岈山熊本牡蛎的单倍体多样性和核苷酸多样性指数分别为0.119和0.00028,均高于长江口野生种群和浙江象山港养殖种群。海门蛎岈山熊本牡蛎种群受到尼氏单孢子虫(Haplosporidium nelson)的轻度浸染,其感染率(17.2%)低于浙江象山港养殖群体(47.3%)。泥沙沉积和人类捕捞是江苏海门蛎岈山牡蛎礁面临的主要胁迫因子,今后牡蛎礁恢复的重点是增加附着底物的数量。     

A Sensitive and Specific DNA Probe for the Oyster Pathogen Haplosporidium nelsoni

ABSTRACT. Haplosporidium nelsoni is a pathogen of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica , along the middle Atlantic coast of the U.S. Genomic DNA was extracted from H. nelsoni plasmodia and small subunit (SSU) rDNA was amplified by PCR, cloned and sequenced. The sequence of H. nelsoni SSU rDNA was aligned with that of another haplosporidian, Minchinia teredinis , and with SSU rDNA data of C. virginica and various protists in GenBank. A 21-base oligonucleotide unique to H. nelsoni , designated MSX1347, was commercially synthesized and tested for sensitivity and specificity. In dot blot hybridizations the probe detected 100 pg of cloned H. nelsoni rDNA and the presence of H. nelsoni in 1 μg of genomic DNA from an infected oyster. It did not hybridize with 1 μg of genomic DNA from uninfected C. virginica or with cloned SSU rDNA of M. teredinis. The probe was further tested for specificity with in situ hybridizations on AFA-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. The probe hybridized well with H. nelsoni plasmodia and immature spores, but poorly with mature spores. The probe did not hybridize with oyster tissue, with other common oyster parasites such as P. marinus or Nematopsis sp., or with the haplosporidians Haplosporidium louisiana from mud crabs ( Panopeus spp.), Haplosporidium costale from C. virginica or M. teredinis from shipworms ( Teredo spp.).     

Isolation and Chemical Composition of Dinoflagellate Nuclei*

Nuclei were isolated from Peridinium cinctum. Peridinium trochoideum, Gyrodinium cohnii (Cryptothecodinium cohnii) and Gymnodinium nelsoni. The nuclei of G. cohnii, P. trochoideum and G. nelsoni were found to contain ～ 6.9, 34 and 143 picograms of DNA respectively. The ratios to DNA of RNA, acid-soluble and acid-insoluble protein for G. cohnii were 0.32, 0.13 and 0.99, respectively. The corresponding values for P. trochoideum were 0.22, 0.08 and 1.22, while those for G. nelsoni were 0.21, 0.10 and 1.09. The chemical composition of dinoflagellate nuclei is compared and contrasted with that of typical eukaryotic nuclei. The culture of these difficult organisms also is discussed.     

海产贝类尼氏单抱子虫病害的研究进展

目前,我国形成规模养殖的经济贝类有近20种,贝类增养殖已经成为沿海海水养殖业的支柱产业。资料显示,2004年全国海水贝类产量为1024万吨,占海水养殖总产量的77．82％。但是目前,由于气候变化、海洋环境污染、外来生物入侵等因素导致我国海产贝类病害越来越重,寄生虫就是主要病原之一,其中尼氏单孢子虫就是其中的一种原生动物寄生虫,寄生于很多种海产贝类体内。这种病害在很多地区都有暴发,国外对其研究较多,国内梁玉波等时这一病害进行了研究。因此,系统阐述国外贝类尼氏单孢子虫病害的研究现状与进展,对我国海产贝类病害的研究具有现实意义。本文时尼氏单孢子虫的分类、病害的流行情况、尼氏单孢子虫的形态学,病害的主要症状。尼氏单孢子虫的检测方法,尼氏单孢子虫与寄主之间的交互作用,环境因素时病害流行的影响等方面进行了论述,为我国贝类病害的研究和防治提供参考。     

The Citreoline Trogon as an Ecosystem Engineer1

The western Mexican endemic Citreoline Trogon (Trogon citreolus) builds its nest cavities in arboreal termitaria. We studied the reuse of these holes by other organisms after the trogons abandoned them in the tropical dry forest of western Mexico. Of the 24 cavities examined, 19 were occupied (5 by mammals and 14 by arthropods). We found two western Mexico endemic mammals (Marmosa canescens and Xenomys nelsoni) using these spaces. Our results suggest that the T. citreolus provides a critical role in creating necessary cavities for many organisms in tropical dry forests.     

方斑东风螺单孢子虫病的研究

文章对方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata Link, 1807)单孢子虫病进行了首次报道, 对其病理学特征、流行季节和诊断方法进行了研究。结果认为方斑东风螺被单孢子虫侵袭后, 吻管、足肌、肠、消化腺、鳃、胃和肝等器官引起一系列病变。病理组织切片观察到肠上皮黏膜组织细胞布满该虫营养体和各发育期的多核质体, 造成肠结缔组织呈现炎症反应。寄生部位病灶肿胀、混浊、坏死、崩解。       

Ultrastructure of Minchinia Sp. Spores from Shipworms (Teredo Spp.) in the Western North Atlantic, with a Discussion of Taxonomy of the Haplosporidiidae

Electron microscopy of haplosporidan spores from Teredo navalis and T. furcifera revealed 4 distinct membrane-bound extensions, 1 apical extension opposite the opercular hinge, 1 terminal and 2 opposing lateral extensions. These extensions were not continuous with the spore wall, but contained microtubule-like structures and degrading epispore cytoplasm. No other known species in the family Haplosporidiidae is characterized by spores possessing four epispore extensions. There are currently two genera in this family, Minchinia and Haplosporidium. The genus Minchinia includes spores such as those of M. chitonis which bear two epispore cytoplasm extensions. Spores of the genus Haplosporidium have been characterized by spore wall derived filaments. A 3rd group of haplosporidan species with spores ornamented by wrappings have traditionally also been assigned to the genus Haplosporidium. Based on the presence of epispore cytoplasm extensions rather than spore wall filaments, the haplosporidan of Teredo spp. can be placed in the genus Minchinia.