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农业经济的发展是华夏文明形成的最重要的前提条件之一,郑洛地区作为夏商王朝建都和统治的核心区域,其农业经济发展状况一直是学术界研究的重点问题。相关研究表明,多品种农作物种植制度在龙山时期中原地区的出现,在华夏文明的形成过程中可能起到了至关重要的作用。为了探索这一种植制度在商代前期中原地区的具体实践情况,本文选取河南新郑望京楼遗址夏商时期(二里头文化和二里岗文化时期)29例先民肢骨和23例先民肋骨进行C、N稳定同位素分析。结果表明,先民骨胶原的δ13C值变化范围为-18.1‰~7.0‰,平均值为-9.5‰±2.1‰(n=52),δ15N值变化范围为7.3‰~10.5‰,平均值为8.9‰±0.7‰(n=52),先民仍以C4类食物(粟黍)为主,但是也包含少量C3类(水稻、小麦或大豆)食物,证明中原地区自龙山时代出现的多品种农作物种植制度,在商代得以延续,但是粟作农业的主导地位,始终未发生明显变化,这可能与中原地区长期以来的旱作农业经济模式习惯有关。 相似文献
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Statural growth in human populations is a sensitive indicator of socio-economic well-being, and improvements in socio-economic status are reflected in secular increases in adult height. In the present study, we investigated the statures of historical Korean societies to show how stature changed over time. Applying Fujii's equation, derived from modern Japanese, to the measurement of femora removed from 15th- to 19th-century Joseon tombs, the average heights of Korean adults during the Joseon dynasty were estimated to be 161.1 ± 5.6 cm and 148.9 ± 4.6 cm for males and females, respectively. Plotting statures for successive historical societies against time revealed that Korean heights remained relatively unchanged through to the end of the 19th century, a pattern that differs from that seen in many Western countries in which stature transiently decreases after the Middle Ages. In contrast, a sharp increase in Korean stature was observed at the beginning of the 20th century, similar to trends seen in other nations (although exact timing varies in different countries). There were no accompanying changes of stature sexual dimorphism. The data reported in this study reflect the unique historical experience of Korea; the relative isolation of Joseon society, the late onset of modernization (at the end of the 19th century), and the later occurrence of industrialization (during the 1960s). 相似文献
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山西省忻州市游邀遗址夏代居民牙齿的测量与观察 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
对于现代中国人牙齿的测量和形态观察,王惠芸(1959、1965)、克力等(1980)、张世采(1985)和魏博源等(1987)均作过有关的研究。但是,对我国古代居民牙齿的测量和观察工作,目前尚鲜见报道。仅有的一些研究成果亦多限于对旧石器时代人类牙齿化石等零星材料的个别报道。本文拟通过对游邀遗址出土的夏代人类牙齿进行观察和测量,以期为了解我国早期青铜时代人类牙齿的形态特征提供一份科学的资料。 相似文献
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晚清时期传入中国的西方真菌学知识对于近代中国真菌学的建立和发展具有启蒙作用.在全面分析其影响之前,有必要先对相关文献进行全面的整理,而这些文献中大部分都分布于多种晚清报刊.经过整理和统计,本文共辑得89份真菌类专篇文章,其中大型真菌类44篇、霉菌类27篇、酵母菌类18篇,分布于26种报刊.这些文章中注明是译作的只有28篇,但其余的文章中涉及西方真菌科学知识的实际上都属于介译性质.这些真菌学知识部分是通过日文图书或期刊文献间接引入,部分是直接译自西方的科学文献. 相似文献
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Chahrour M 《Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences》2007,38(4):687-705
During the 1840s, physicians from the Habsburg Empire played a decisive role in the reform of medical structures in the Ottoman Empire. This paper discusses different aspects of this scientific and cultural encounter. It emphasizes the importance of Austrian health care structures as a model for the work of these physicians in the Ottoman Empire and studies the role of the medical school ran by the Austrians as a means of representing, on the one hand, the reformatory efforts of the Ottoman Empire and, on the other hand, the motivations of the Habsburg monarchy for an involvement in Ottoman health care affairs, strongly bound up with its own quarantine politics towards the Ottoman Empire. 相似文献
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The European royal dynasties of the Early Modern Age provide a useful framework for human
inbreeding research. In this article, consanguineous marriage, inbreeding depression and
the purging of deleterious alleles within a consanguineous population are investigated in
the Habsburgs, a royal dynasty with a long history of consanguinity over generations.
Genealogical information from a number of historical sources was used to compute kinship
and inbreeding coefficients for the Habsburgs. The marriages contracted by the Habsburgs
from 1450 to 1750 presented an extremely high mean kinship (0.0628±0.009), which
was the result of the matrimonial policy conducted by the dynasty to establish political
alliances through marriage. A strong inbreeding depression for both infant and child
survival was detected in the progeny of 71 Habsburg marriages in the period
1450–1800. The inbreeding load for child survival experienced a pronounced decrease
from 3.98±0.87 in the period 1450–1600 to 0.93±0.62 in the period
1600–1800, but temporal changes in the inbreeding depression for infant survival
were not detected. Such a reduction of inbreeding depression for child survival in a
relatively small number of generations could be caused by elimination of deleterious
alleles of a large effect according with predictions from purging models. The differential
purging of the infant and child inbreeding loads suggest that the genetic basis of
inbreeding depression was probably very different for infant and child survival in the
Habsburg lineage. Our findings provide empirical support that human inbreeding depression
for some fitness components might be purged by selection within consanguineous
populations. 相似文献
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The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty report that large‐scale reformations undertaken by Jungjong, 11th king of the Joseon dynasty, were stopped after Kwang‐Jo Cho was slandered and subsequently executed. Reportedly, a party opposing the reformations wrote a phrase “走肖爲王” on a leaf in the palace by using sugary water; subsequently, insects ingested the sugary parts of leaf and the phrase was left behind. The phrase “走肖爲王” means “Cho will become king” and Jungjong accepted the phrase as a warning sign from heaven that Cho was attempting a coup d'état. Although there are several historical records that report such insect writing, it has not been determined whether creating a phrase on a leaf by using insects is possible. In a field study conducted on Gwanak Mountain, Korea, we tested whether writing letters on leaves by insects is possible. The results showed no sign of selective insect ingestion creating the form of a letter on a leaf after sugary water was applied. There is a high possibility that 走肖爲王 incident was fictional; particularly when considering the complexity of the phrase and the life history and behavior of insects. 相似文献
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Interdisciplinarity to reconstruct historical introductions: solving the status of cryptogenic crayfish
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Miguel Clavero Carlos Nores Susanne Kubersky‐Piredda Alejandro Centeno‐Cuadros 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2016,91(4):1036-1049
Anciently introduced species can be confounded with native species because introduction pre‐dates the first species inventories or because of the loss of the collective memory of the introductions. The term ‘cryptogenic species’ denotes species of unknown or unclear status (native versus non‐native) in a given territory, and disciplinary approaches are often insufficient for solving their true status. Here, we follow an integrative, multidisciplinary approach to solve the status of a cryptogenic species, proposing that building on evidence from multiple disciplines can produce robust and clarifying insights. We undertook an exhaustive review of information on a putatively native crayfish (Austropotamobius italicus) in Spain. The reviewed information included taxonomy, genetics and phylogeography, history, archaeology, linguistics, biogeography, ecology, symbiotic organisms and even gastronomy and pharmacy. The knowledge produced by different scientific disciplines converges to indicate that A. italicus is a non‐native species in Spain. Historical documents even identify the first introduction event: crayfish were shipped from Italy to Spain in 1588 as a diplomatic gift from Francesco I de' Medici to King Philip II of Spain. Previous discussions on the status of A. italicus focussed on inconclusive and often confusing genetic results and excluded the rich and clarifying evidence available from other approaches and disciplines. Interdisciplinarity is an often‐invoked but rarely implemented practice in an academic environment that increasingly promotes narrow‐focussed specialization. Our review shows that the integration of disciplines can surpass disciplinary approaches in solving scientific controversies. Our results have straightforward implications for strategies to conserve biological diversity in Spain and Europe, urging a debate on the appropriateness of devoting conservation efforts to non‐native species. 相似文献
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