商代前期中原地区多品种农作物种植制度的初探：以河南新郑望京楼遗址为例

农业经济的发展是华夏文明形成的最重要的前提条件之一,郑洛地区作为夏商王朝建都和统治的核心区域,其农业经济发展状况一直是学术界研究的重点问题。相关研究表明,多品种农作物种植制度在龙山时期中原地区的出现,在华夏文明的形成过程中可能起到了至关重要的作用。为了探索这一种植制度在商代前期中原地区的具体实践情况,本文选取河南新郑望京楼遗址夏商时期（二里头文化和二里岗文化时期）29例先民肢骨和23例先民肋骨进行C、N稳定同位素分析。结果表明,先民骨胶原的δ¹³C值变化范围为-18.1‰~7.0‰,平均值为-9.5‰±2.1‰（n=52）,δ¹⁵N值变化范围为7.3‰~10.5‰,平均值为8.9‰±0.7‰（n=52）,先民仍以C₄类食物（粟黍）为主,但是也包含少量C₃类（水稻、小麦或大豆）食物,证明中原地区自龙山时代出现的多品种农作物种植制度,在商代得以延续,但是粟作农业的主导地位,始终未发生明显变化,这可能与中原地区长期以来的旱作农业经济模式习惯有关。     

Ancient-to-modern secular changes in Korean stature

Statural growth in human populations is a sensitive indicator of socio-economic well-being, and improvements in socio-economic status are reflected in secular increases in adult height. In the present study, we investigated the statures of historical Korean societies to show how stature changed over time. Applying Fujii's equation, derived from modern Japanese, to the measurement of femora removed from 15th- to 19th-century Joseon tombs, the average heights of Korean adults during the Joseon dynasty were estimated to be 161.1 ± 5.6 cm and 148.9 ± 4.6 cm for males and females, respectively. Plotting statures for successive historical societies against time revealed that Korean heights remained relatively unchanged through to the end of the 19th century, a pattern that differs from that seen in many Western countries in which stature transiently decreases after the Middle Ages. In contrast, a sharp increase in Korean stature was observed at the beginning of the 20th century, similar to trends seen in other nations (although exact timing varies in different countries). There were no accompanying changes of stature sexual dimorphism. The data reported in this study reflect the unique historical experience of Korea; the relative isolation of Joseon society, the late onset of modernization (at the end of the 19th century), and the later occurrence of industrialization (during the 1960s).     

山西省忻州市游邀遗址夏代居民牙齿的测量与观察

对于现代中国人牙齿的测量和形态观察,王惠芸(1959、1965)、克力等(1980)、张世采(1985)和魏博源等(1987)均作过有关的研究。但是,对我国古代居民牙齿的测量和观察工作,目前尚鲜见报道。仅有的一些研究成果亦多限于对旧石器时代人类牙齿化石等零星材料的个别报道。本文拟通过对游邀遗址出土的夏代人类牙齿进行观察和测量,以期为了解我国早期青铜时代人类牙齿的形态特征提供一份科学的资料。     

晚清报刊所载真菌类专篇汇录

晚清时期传入中国的西方真菌学知识对于近代中国真菌学的建立和发展具有启蒙作用.在全面分析其影响之前,有必要先对相关文献进行全面的整理,而这些文献中大部分都分布于多种晚清报刊.经过整理和统计,本文共辑得89份真菌类专篇文章,其中大型真菌类44篇、霉菌类27篇、酵母菌类18篇,分布于26种报刊.这些文章中注明是译作的只有28篇,但其余的文章中涉及西方真菌科学知识的实际上都属于介译性质.这些真菌学知识部分是通过日文图书或期刊文献间接引入,部分是直接译自西方的科学文献.     

山东广饶县中南世纪城墓地出土明代人骨的初步研究

本文对广饶县中南世纪城墓地出土的明代人骨进行了多方面的生物考古学研究,包括性别、年龄的分布,身高的复原以及古病理的观察。牙病方面,对龋病、牙釉质发育不全和错(牙合)畸形进行了观察记录,从性别、年龄、龋患程度及好发牙位等方面对该人群的龋患情况进行统计分析。研究结果表明,该人群牙齿患龋率不具备明显的性别差异,与年龄变化也无显著相关性,好发牙位多为臼齿。此外,还观察到多孔性骨肥厚、骨关节疾病等病理现象以及一处愈合较好的骨折创伤。     

‘A civilizing mission’? Austrian medicine and the reform of medical structures in the Ottoman Empire, 1838–1850

During the 1840s, physicians from the Habsburg Empire played a decisive role in the reform of medical structures in the Ottoman Empire. This paper discusses different aspects of this scientific and cultural encounter. It emphasizes the importance of Austrian health care structures as a model for the work of these physicians in the Ottoman Empire and studies the role of the medical school ran by the Austrians as a means of representing, on the one hand, the reformatory efforts of the Ottoman Empire and, on the other hand, the motivations of the Habsburg monarchy for an involvement in Ottoman health care affairs, strongly bound up with its own quarantine politics towards the Ottoman Empire.     

Royal dynasties as human inbreeding laboratories: the Habsburgs

The European royal dynasties of the Early Modern Age provide a useful framework for human inbreeding research. In this article, consanguineous marriage, inbreeding depression and the purging of deleterious alleles within a consanguineous population are investigated in the Habsburgs, a royal dynasty with a long history of consanguinity over generations. Genealogical information from a number of historical sources was used to compute kinship and inbreeding coefficients for the Habsburgs. The marriages contracted by the Habsburgs from 1450 to 1750 presented an extremely high mean kinship (0.0628±0.009), which was the result of the matrimonial policy conducted by the dynasty to establish political alliances through marriage. A strong inbreeding depression for both infant and child survival was detected in the progeny of 71 Habsburg marriages in the period 1450–1800. The inbreeding load for child survival experienced a pronounced decrease from 3.98±0.87 in the period 1450–1600 to 0.93±0.62 in the period 1600–1800, but temporal changes in the inbreeding depression for infant survival were not detected. Such a reduction of inbreeding depression for child survival in a relatively small number of generations could be caused by elimination of deleterious alleles of a large effect according with predictions from purging models. The differential purging of the infant and child inbreeding loads suggest that the genetic basis of inbreeding depression was probably very different for infant and child survival in the Habsburg lineage. Our findings provide empirical support that human inbreeding depression for some fitness components might be purged by selection within consanguineous populations.     

天津蓟县桃花园明清家族墓地人骨的身高推算(Ⅰ)

通过对天津蓟县桃花园墓地2004年和2005年出土的171例成年人骨标本的身高推算,得出桃花园组男性居民的平均身高约为167.19cm,女性居民的平均身高约为152.89cm。男性居民的平均身高普遍高于古代北方居民,而低于现代北方居民。女性居民身高水平低于古代北方居民和我国现代北方居民。     

Validation of 走肖爲王: Can insects write letters on leaves?

The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty report that large‐scale reformations undertaken by Jungjong, 11th king of the Joseon dynasty, were stopped after Kwang‐Jo Cho was slandered and subsequently executed. Reportedly, a party opposing the reformations wrote a phrase “走肖爲王” on a leaf in the palace by using sugary water; subsequently, insects ingested the sugary parts of leaf and the phrase was left behind. The phrase “走肖爲王” means “Cho will become king” and Jungjong accepted the phrase as a warning sign from heaven that Cho was attempting a coup d'état. Although there are several historical records that report such insect writing, it has not been determined whether creating a phrase on a leaf by using insects is possible. In a field study conducted on Gwanak Mountain, Korea, we tested whether writing letters on leaves by insects is possible. The results showed no sign of selective insect ingestion creating the form of a letter on a leaf after sugary water was applied. There is a high possibility that 走肖爲王 incident was fictional; particularly when considering the complexity of the phrase and the life history and behavior of insects.     

Interdisciplinarity to reconstruct historical introductions: solving the status of cryptogenic crayfish

Anciently introduced species can be confounded with native species because introduction pre‐dates the first species inventories or because of the loss of the collective memory of the introductions. The term ‘cryptogenic species’ denotes species of unknown or unclear status (native versus non‐native) in a given territory, and disciplinary approaches are often insufficient for solving their true status. Here, we follow an integrative, multidisciplinary approach to solve the status of a cryptogenic species, proposing that building on evidence from multiple disciplines can produce robust and clarifying insights. We undertook an exhaustive review of information on a putatively native crayfish (Austropotamobius italicus) in Spain. The reviewed information included taxonomy, genetics and phylogeography, history, archaeology, linguistics, biogeography, ecology, symbiotic organisms and even gastronomy and pharmacy. The knowledge produced by different scientific disciplines converges to indicate that A. italicus is a non‐native species in Spain. Historical documents even identify the first introduction event: crayfish were shipped from Italy to Spain in 1588 as a diplomatic gift from Francesco I de' Medici to King Philip II of Spain. Previous discussions on the status of A. italicus focussed on inconclusive and often confusing genetic results and excluded the rich and clarifying evidence available from other approaches and disciplines. Interdisciplinarity is an often‐invoked but rarely implemented practice in an academic environment that increasingly promotes narrow‐focussed specialization. Our review shows that the integration of disciplines can surpass disciplinary approaches in solving scientific controversies. Our results have straightforward implications for strategies to conserve biological diversity in Spain and Europe, urging a debate on the appropriateness of devoting conservation efforts to non‐native species.