中国盲走螨属Agilis群种类记述（蜱螨亚纲：植绥螨科）

本文新建立盲走螨属ａｇｉｌｉｓ群并限定了该群的主要特征,归纳了世界上已描述的８种,其中分布于我国的３种,此外描述了３个新种。     

Primary Structure and Phylogenetic Relationships of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Genes of Free-Living and Parasitic Diplomonad Flagellates

ABSTRACT. Complete nucleotide sequences have been established for two genes (gap1 and gap2) coding for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12) homologs in the diplomonad Giardia lamblia. In addition, almost complete sequences of the GAPDH open reading frames were obtained from PCR products for two free-living diplomonad species, Trepomonas agilis and Hexamita inflata, and a parasite of Atlantic salmon, an as yet unnamed species with morphological affinities to Spironucleus. Giardia lamblia gap 1 and the genes from the three other diplomonad species show high similarity to each other and to other glycolytic GAPDH genes. All amino-acyl residues known to be highly conserved in this enzyme are also conserved in these sequences. Giardia lamblia gap2 gene is more divergent and its putative translation reveals the presence of a cysteine and serine-rich insertion resembling a metal binding finger. This motif has not yet been noted in other GAPDH molecules. All sequences contain an S-loop signature with characteristics close to those of eukaryotes. In phylogenetic reconstructions based on the derived amino acid sequences with neighborjoining, parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods the four typical GAPDH sequences of diplomonads cluster into a single clade. Within this clade, G. lamblia gap1 shares a common ancestor with the rest of the genes. The latter are more closely related to each other, indicating an early separation of the lineage leading to the genus Giardia from the lineage encompassing the morphologically less differentiated genera, Trepomonas, Hexamita and that of the unnamed species. This result is discordant with the orthogonal evolution of diplomonads suggested on the basis of comparative morphology. In neighbor-joining reconstructions G. lamblia gap2 occupies a variable position, due to its great divergence. In parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis however, it shares a most recent common ancestor with the typical G. lamblia gap1 gene, suggesting that it diverged after the separation of the Giardia lineage. The position of the diplomonad clade in broader phylogenetic reconstructions is firmly within the typical cytosolic glycolytic representatives of GAPDH of eukaryotes.     

Male mating success, reproductive success and multiple paternity in a natural population of sand lizards: behavioural and molecular genetics data

Sand lizard Lacerta agilis females characteristically mate with several males which, in staged mating experiments, results in multiple paternity of the offspring. In order to investigate multiple paternity in a natural population and interpret male reproductive behaviours in terms of sired young, we sampled the blood of females, potential fathers and hatchlings, and determined paternity using multilocus DNA fingerprinting as well as the variation at a single locus detected by the probe (TC) _n . The paternity analyses were preceded by a laboratory experiment in which we established that the parental alleles identified by the single locus probe were inherited in a Mendelian way. Our molecular data demonstrated that 12 out of 13 males (92%) that sired offspring were correctly identified from the 56 sexually mature males in the population. Also smaller males were accepted as sexual partners by the females, but sired fewer young in competition with larger males and were less able to maintain prolonged post-copulatory mate guarding. This may result in that some sexually successful males are only observed inside a female's home range, but never in pair-association with the female.     

Factors influencing paternity success in Antechinus agilis: last‐male sperm precedence,timing of mating and genetic compatibility

We describe the patterns of paternity success from laboratory mating experiments conducted in Antechinus agilis, a small size dimorphic carnivorous marsupial (males are larger than females). A previous study found last‐male sperm precedence in this species, but they were unable to sample complete litters, and did not take male size and relatedness into account. We tested whether last‐male sperm precedence regardless of male size still holds for complete litters. We explored the relationship between male mating order, male size, timing of mating and relatedness on paternity success. Females were mated with two males of different size with either the large or the small male first, with 1 day rest between the matings. Matings continued for 6 h. In these controlled conditions male size did not have a strong effect on paternity success, but mating order did. Males mating second sired 69.5% of the offspring. Within first mated males, males that mated closer to ovulation sired more offspring. To a lesser degree, variation appeared also to be caused by differences in genetic compatibility of the female and the male, where high levels of allele‐sharing resulted in lower paternity success.     

Ultrastructure and Vacuolar Movements in the Free-Living Diplomonad Trepomonas agilis Klebs*

SYNOPSIS. The structure of Trepomonas agilis communis Klebs is described from light and electron microscope observations on 2 clone isolates of the organism. The surface membrane shows marked differentiation into an extremely thick (16 nm) symmetric membrane which covers the greater part of the body, and a thinner (∼ 10–12 nm) asymmetric membrane which lines the 2 lateral oral grooves and the posterior channel connecting them; a similar asymmetric membrane covers the flagella. Thorium dioxide staining suggests a denser distribution of acidic carbohydrate groups on the asymmetric membrane. The pathways of cytoplasmic streaming observed in the living flagellate coincide with those of microtubule bands arising close to the flagellar basal bodies and it is suggested that the bands play an orienting role in the streaming of food vacuoles. The contractile vacuole undergoes diastole in the anterior (postnuclear) cytoplasm, and is formed by coalescence of smaller vesicles. At systole the entire vacuole migrates to the posterior extremity to discharge into the posterior channel; the route of exit lacks guiding structural elements. Features of the flagellate's physiology and organization are discussed in relation to the observed lack of mitochondria, microbodies and Golgi apparatus in diplomonads.     

PATERNAL GENOTYPE INFLUENCES INCUBATION PERIOD,OFFSPRING SIZE,AND OFFSPRING SHAPE IN AN OVIPAROUS REPTILE

Theoretical models for the evolution of life-history traits assume a genetic basis for a significant proportion of the phenotypic variance observed in characteristics such as hatching date and offspring size. However, recent experimental work has shown that much of the phenotypic variance in hatchling reptiles is induced by nongenetic factors, such as maternal nutrition and thermoregulation, and the physical conditions experienced during embryogenesis. Thus, there is no unambiguous evidence for strictly genetic (intraspecific) influences on the phenotypes of hatchling reptiles. We report results from a technique that uses a genetic marker trait and DNA fingerprinting to determine paternity of offspring from multiply sired clutches of European sand lizards, Lacerta agilis. By focusing on paternal rather than maternal effects, we show that hatchling genotypes exert a direct influence on the duration of incubation, the size (mass, snout-vent length) and shape (relative tail length) of the hatchling, and subsequent growth rates of the lizard during the first 3 mo of life. Embryos with genes that code for a few days' delay in hatching are thereby larger when they hatch, having undergone further differentiation (and hence, have changed in bodily proportions), and are able to grow faster after hatching. Our data thus provide empirical support for a crucial but rarely tested assumption of life-history theory, and illuminate some of the proximate mechanisms that produce intraspecific variation in offspring phenotypes.     

Life-history traits in closely related secondary parasitoids sharing the same primary parasitoid host: evolutionary opportunities and constraints

Thus far, few studies have compared life-history traits amongst secondary parasitoids attacking and developing in cocoons of their primary parasitoid hosts. This study examines development and reproduction in Lysibia nana Gravenhorst and Acrolyta nens Hartig (both Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), two related and morphologically similar secondary parasitoids that attack pupae of the gregarious endoparasitoid, Cotesia glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). On black mustard, Brassica nigra L. (Brassicaceae) plants in a field plot, adults of L. nana and A. nens frequently emerged from the same cocoon broods of C. glomerata . Based on similarities in their phylogeny and morphology, it was hypothesized that both species would exhibit considerable overlap in other life-history traits. In both L. nana and A. nens , adult wasp size increased with host cocoon mass at parasitism, although L. nana wasps were slightly larger than A. nens wasps, and completed their development earlier. Adult females of both species emerged with no eggs but matured eggs at similar rates over the following days. When provided with 20 host cocoons daily, fecundity in female L. nana was slightly more skewed towards early life than in A. nens , although lifetime fecundity did not differ between the two species. Longevity was significantly reduced in females of both species that were provided with hosts. Both parasitoids were found to exhibit strong similarities in life-history and development traits and in their ecological niche, thereby supporting our general hypothesis. Competition between L. nana and A. nens is presumably diffused because their preferred host ( C. glomerata ) is relatively abundant in open habitats.     

Effects of Thiamine Deprivation and Replacement on the Mitochondrion of Polytomella agilis*

SYNOPSIS. Late log-phase cells of Polytomella agilis, grown with or without thiamine, were examined by electron microscopy. The mitochondrial profiles of cells cultivated in the presence of thiamine are relatively few in number and irregular in shape. The inner membranes, randomly dispersed in a light matrix, are elongated, vesicular, or branched in appearance. In vitamin-deficient cells, numerous mitochondrial profiles are evident. They have a regular circular or ovoid appearance. The inner membranes are regularly arrayed in an electron-dense matrix and generally appear elongated. By means of partial 3-dimensional reconstruction of whole cells the appearance of mitochondrial profiles in vitamin-deficient cells can be explained by the increased branching of a single structure. Following transfer of vitamin-deficient cells to complete medium, normal mitochondrial structure is attained by ∼3 hr. Reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectra of suspensions of normal and vitamin-deficient cells, grown with gentle aeration, were recorded. The concentrations of a- and b-type cytochromes are reduced by 80-90%, and c-type cytochromes are reduced by 40% in thiamine-deficient cells.