油茶籽饼抗真菌活性成分的研究

从油茶籽饼中已经分离得到一种新的抗真菌活性成分油茶皂甙A,被鉴定为齐墩果烷型的五环三萜皂甙,它的mp为258～260℃,[α]_D~(27)=-20°(C=1％,80％EtOH),体外试验研究表明油茶皂甙A有较强的抑制真菌作用,对红包毛癣菌、石膏样癣菌、断发癣菌、黄癣菌、紫色癣菌、絮状表皮癣菌的MIC为0.125～1.000mg/ml,对白色念珠菌的MIC为0.0625～0.2500mg/ml。     

土壤抑菌作用对食线虫真菌及其制剂的影响*

通过我国东北及黄淮海地区主要大豆种植区11种土壤对4株定殖于大豆胞囊线虫真菌淡紫拟青霉（Paecilomyceslilacimus）M-14,厚垣孢子轮枝菌（Verticilliumchlamydosporium）JN-11SH-26和BQL－1孢子的抑制作用及其影响因子的研究,表明土壤抑菌作用普遍存在,但依土壤条件、菌种类型而异,其中以安徽宿县、济南农科院、北京、黑龙江宝泉岭农场的土壤抑菌作用最强,洗涤悬液中孢子萌发率多小于30％,济南敬家、河南开封、黑龙江八五三农场等地土壤抑菌现象不明显,孢子萌发率一般在40～80％。同一土壤对4个菌株的影响是一致的。将菌种液体发酵培养,其滤液孢子萌发率一般可提高至50％以上。加入复合添加剂制得菌剂后,孢子萌发率进一步提高。土壤中微生物数量对其抑菌作用的强弱有很大影响。一般来说土壤中微生物数量越多,抑菌作用表现得也越明显。机理探讨表明土壤中存在着一些水溶性及挥发性的抑制因子,其中水溶性成分是主导因素。     

Effect of liming on spore germination,germ tube growth and root colonization by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Summary The effect of soil acidity on spore germination, germ tube growth and root colonization of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi was examined using a Florida Ultisol. Soil samples were treated with 0, 4, 8 and 12 meq Ca/MgCO₃/100 g soil and each lime level received 0, 240, and 720 ppm P as superphosphate. Corn (Zea mays L.) was planted in the soil treatments, inoculated with eitherGlomus mosseae orGigaspora margarita spores and grown for 31 days. Acid soil inhibits mycorrhizal formation byG. mosseae through its strong fungistatic effect against the spores. The dolomitic lime increased mycorrhizal formation by both fungal species.G. margarita is much less sensitive to acidic conditions thanG. mosseae. Al ions are a very important component of the fungistatic property against the VAM symbiosis. VAM fungus adaptation may be important for plants growing on infertile acid soils if soil inoculation with these fungi is to contribute significantly to low-input technology for tropical agricultural systems.     

Bacterial volatiles and their action potential

During the past few years, an increasing awareness concerning the emission of an unexpected high number of bacterial volatiles has been registered. Humans sense, intensively and continuously, microbial volatiles that are released during food transformation and fermentation, e.g., the aroma of wine and cheese. Recent investigations have clearly demonstrated that bacteria also employ their volatiles during interactions with other organisms in order to influence populations and communities. This review summarizes the presently known bioactive compounds and lists the wide panoply of effects possessed by organisms such as fungi, plants, animals, and bacteria. Because bacteria often emit highly complex volatile mixtures, the determination of biologically relevant volatiles remains in its infancy. Part of the future goal is to unravel the structure of these volatiles and their biosynthesis. Nevertheless, bacterial volatiles represent a source for new natural compounds that are interesting for man, since they can be used, for example, to improve human health or to increase the productivity of agricultural products.     

Chloride channel antagonists perturb growth and morphology of Neurospora crassa

The chloride channel antagonists anthracene-9-carboxylic acid, ethacrynic acid and niflumic acid were found to be fungistatic and morphogenic when tested against the ascomycete Neurospora crassa. Potency increased with decreasing pH, suggesting that the protonated forms of the compounds were active. Niflumic acid produced the most pronounced growth aberrations which may reflect an ability to acidify the cytoplasm and block the plasma membrane anion channel of N. crassa.     

Hawan—An effective method to reduce fungal load at small work places

As according to ancient Vedic rites, Indians perform ‘Hawan’ every day to purify the atmosphere. Laboratory tests were conducted by exposing petriplates containing czapek dox agar medium, in a closed room, before and after fumigating ‘Hawan samagree’ and plant parts (dried leaves, bark, sawdust) ofMangifera indica, Azadirachta indica andSantanum album. Results showed considerable decrease in concentration of fungal load. This method can be successfully implemented at actual work places like small flour mills, ginneries, cobbler shops etc., to curtail the concentration of lethal fungi likeAspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Curvularia, Cladosporium etc.     

Population dynamics of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani in soils of different fungistatic capacity

Abstract Population dynamics of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani PEG-4 with a resistant marker to antibiotic hygromycin B was investigated in soils of different fungistatic capacity. Germination of PEG-4 was significantly higher in a soil amended with chemical fertilizer (CF-soil) than in a soil amended with farmyard manure (FYM-soil). Thus it was concluded that CF-soil was weakly fungistatic, and FYM-soil was strongly so. The fates of PEG-4 spores in the soils were similar when PEG-4 was introduced at initial densities of 1 10¹ to 10⁷ g⁻¹. However, alteration of environmental conditions, which might induce the germination of PEG-4 spores, resulted in the soils having different effects on the fate of PEG-4. Survival of PEG-4 in CF-soil increased compared with that in control conditions, but that in FYM-soil decreased.