Nitrate and ammonium absorption by plants growing at a sufficient or insufficient level of phosphorus in nutrient solutions

Summary Absorption of nitrate and ammonium was studied in water culture experiments with 4 to 6 weeks old plants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L. Moench) and rape (Brassica napus L.). The plants were grown in a complete nutrient solution with nitrate (5.7±0.2 mM) or nitrate (5.6±0.2 mM) + ammonium (0.04±0.02 mM). The pH of the nutrient solution was kept at 5.0 using a pH-stat. It was found that phosphorus deficiency reduced the rate of nitrate uptake by 58±3% when nitrate was the sole N source and by 83±1% when both nitrate and ammonium were present. The reduction occurred even before growth was significantly impeded by P deficiency. The inhibition of the uptake of ammonium was less,i.e. ammonium constituted 10±1% of the total N uptake in the P sufficient plants and 30±5% in the P deficient plants. The reduction of nitrate absorption greatly decreased the difference between the uptake of anions and cations. It is suggested that P deficiency reduced the assimilation of NO ₃ ^– into the proteins, which might cause a negative feedback on NO ₃ ^– influx and/or stimulate NO ₃ ^– efflux.     

外源水杨酸和茉莉酸对荞麦幼苗耐盐生理特性的效应

以盐敏感荞麦品种‘TQ-0808’幼苗为材料,采用100mmol·L^（-1）NaCl并添加不同浓度水杨酸（sA）和茉莉酸（JA）的处理方法,测定荞麦耐盐生理指标,确定外源SA和JA对荞麦耐盐生理特性的效应。结果表明,外源SA和JA均能明显降低盐胁迫下荞麦叶片质膜透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量,外源SA降低的幅度略高于JA,外源SA最适浓度为0．6mmol·L^（-1）外源SA和JA均能明显增加盐胁迫下荞麦叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性及叶片净光合速率,外源JA增加的幅度明显大于SA,外源JA最适浓度为40gmol·L^（-1）。外源sA和JA明显改善盐胁迫下荞麦的生理特性,对盐胁迫具有较好的缓解作用,说明通过适当浓度的外源SA和JA处理来提高荞麦耐盐性是可行的。     

西南地区硬枝野荞麦(Fagopyrum urophyllum)居群的遗传多样性研究

采用等位酶电泳技术了云南省中北部昆明、富民、宾川3县（市）及四川省西南布拖县的硬枝野荞麦（Fagopyrum urophyllum)6个天然居群的遗传多样性和分化。硬枝野荞麦居群内维持有较高的遗传多样性,多态位点比率为50．0％,预期杂合度和观察杂合度分别为0．251和0．471。并对硬枝野荞麦（F.urophyllum)与栽培荞麦之间遗传变异作了比较。     

中国荞麦属果实形态特征

应用解剖镜和扫描电镜对中国产荞麦属Fagopyrum Mill．8种1变种的果实形态和微形态特征进行了观察。结果表明这些种类的果实可分为3类：(1)果实三棱锥状,表面不光滑,无光泽,具皱纹网状纹饰,此种类型的植物有苦荞麦、金荞麦。(2)果实卵圆三棱锥状,表面光滑,有光泽,具条纹纹饰,此种类型的植物有荞麦、长柄野荞麦、线叶野荞麦。(3)果实卵圆三棱锥状,表面光滑,有光泽,具大量的瘤状颗粒和少数模糊的细条纹纹饰,此种类型的植物有硬枝野荞麦、细柄野荞麦、小野荞麦、疏穗小野荞麦。研究结果认为金荞麦与栽培种苦荞麦关系较近。     

甜荞查尔酮合酶基因Chs的克隆及序列分析

利用RT-PCR技术从甜荞中克隆得到查耳酮合酶(CHS)的cDNA开放阅读框(ORF)序列,命名为FeChs,NCBI登录号为GU172166.1.该序列长1 179 bp,编码392个氨基酸,与其它植物CHS基因的同源性为78%～92%,其推导的氨基酸序列含有CHS高度保守的活性位点及CHS的标签序列GFGPG.     

苦荞锌指蛋白基因FtLSD1的克隆及其对非生物胁迫的应答

根据苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum)花期转录组数据,分别以苦荞DNA和cDNA为模板,克隆得到1个苦荞C2C2型锌指蛋白基因FtLSD1(GenBank登录号KP252134)的DNA序列和cDNA序列,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,研究了FtLSD1基因在非生物胁迫下的表达模式。结果显示:苦荞FtLSD1基因DNA全长2 427bp,由6个外显子和5个内含子构成,符合GU-AG剪切原则;cDNA序列包含一个528bp开放阅读框,编码175个氨基酸,具有LSD1家族的典型结构域;UV-B照射和水杨酸处理均能使FtLSD1基因的表达量上升,且UV-B处理在6h达到最大,为0h(CK)的3.84倍;水杨酸处理于10h达到最大,为0h(CK)的3.44倍,而4℃冷胁迫下该基因表达量保持稳定。推测该基因可能参与苦荞抗UV-B和高浓度水杨酸等非生物胁迫的应答反应,为苦荞的抗逆性研究提供新的视角。     

苦荞和甜荞查尔酮合成酶基因的克隆及序列比较

以苦荞品种‘西农9920’和甜荞品种‘西农9976’为材料,根据其它植物查尔酮合成酶(chalcone synthase,CHS)基因DNA序列的保守区域设计的一对简并引物,进行PCR扩增,从2种荞麦基因组中克隆出了长度均为860 bp的CHS基因片段,对其进行回收、克隆,挑选阳性克隆测序;序列分析表明这2个片段含有CHS基因的N端和C端的结构域,分别为苦荞和甜荞的CHS基因片段,命名为FtCHS和FeCHS。对获得的2种荞麦CHS基因的DNA序列进行比较分析,发现两者间存在多达43处单碱基多态性,这些单碱基多态性可能是苦荞和甜荞种子中类黄酮含量差异的重要原因之一。苦荞和甜荞CHS与其它植物CHS的氨基酸序列的进化分析表明,其与同为蓼科的掌叶大黄和石竹科的满天星的同源性较近。     

苦荞R2R3-MYB转录因子调控原花青素生物合成的研究

基于苦荞花期转录组数据,该研究筛选并克隆获得一个黄酮代谢相关的MYB类转录因子,并命名为FtMYB23。该基因ORF框长879bp,编码292个氨基酸;系统进化树分析显示,FtMYB23与SG5-MYB亚家族成员聚为一簇,属于典型的R2R3-MYB型转录因子。β-半乳糖苷酶滤纸分析表明,其具有转录激活活性。FtMYB23过表达转基因拟南芥株系的表型分析表明,3个阳性株系的种皮颜色均呈现出比野生型更深的褐色,其叶中原花青素含量均极显著增加(P 0.01),分别为野生型的4.68、3.5和2.8倍。qRT-PCR分析表明,转基因拟南芥中黄酮合成相关的AtCHS、AtCHI、AtF3H、AtF3′H、AtFLS、AtDFR和AtBAN等基因的表达量显著升高(P 0.05),而AtTT12的表达量极显著降低(P 0.01)。研究认为,FtMYB23作为典型的Subgroup5-MYB(SG5-MYB)激活型转录因子,通过促进黄酮合成途径早期关键酶基因的表达,从而提高原花青素的合成与积累。     

Intra- and interspecific phylogeny of wild Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) species based on nucleotide sequences of noncoding regions in chloroplast DNA

The intra- and interspecific phylogeny of Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) species was studied using nucleotide sequence data from two noncoding regions in chloroplast DNA, the trnK (UUU) intron and the trnC (GCA)-rpoB spacer. Thirty-seven accessions of ten species and two unidentified samples in the urophyllum group of Fagopyrum were analyzed. Both of the studied regions showed high variability, including nucleotide substitutions, insertion/deletions, and inversions. Separate parsimony analyses of the two regions generated phylogenies that were largely consistent with each other. A single most parsimonious tree derived from the combined data of the two regions suggested that (1) either F. statice or F. leptopodum was derived from the ancestor more than once, (2) F. gracilipes, a tetraploid species, has recently been derived from diploid ancestor and rapidly spread out to its present distribution areas, and (3) F. pleioramosum, F. macrocarpum, and F. callianthum, three newly discovered species endemic to the upper Min River valley, differentiated from their common ancestral species in the present distribution area.     

苦荞转录因子基因FtbHLH4的克隆及其对非生物胁迫的应答

根据苦荞花期转录组数据,克隆得到1个苦荞bHLH类转录因子基因,命名为FtbHLH4。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析了非生物胁迫对苦荞芽期FtbHLH4基因表达的影响。序列分析表明,苦荞FtbHLH4基因DNA全长1 852bp,由7个外显子和6个内含子构成,符合GT-AG剪接原则;cDNA序列包含1个1 062bp的开放阅读框,编码353个氨基酸,具有bHLH类蛋白典型的螺旋-环-螺旋保守结构域。在脱落酸(ABA)、NaCl和PEG模拟干旱胁迫下,苦荞芽期FtbHLH4基因表达量均持续上升,至48h时达最大,分别为胁迫前的11.3倍、12.0倍和6.1倍。而在冷胁迫和UV-B胁迫下,苦荞芽期FtbHLH4基因表达量迅速下降,分别于6h和12h降低至胁迫前的24%和23%。研究推测FtbHLH4基因以不同机制参与了苦荞对非生物胁迫的应答过程。