Structure and function of ferredoxin-NADP+-oxidoreductase

The redox-enzyme ferredoxin-NADP-oxidoreductase has been shown to be activated by light and inactivated in the dark. This review will summarize recent data concerning the biochemical characterization of the enzyme compared to its in-vivo activation. Further-more the mechanism of this activation process is discussed as a conformational change caused by the light-driven proton gradient.Abbreviations cyt cytochrome - fd ferredoxin - FNR1 large form of ferredoxin-NADP-oxidoreductase - FNRox oxidized FNR - FNRred reduced FNR - FNRs small form of FNR - FNRsq FNR-semiquinone     

Mature ferredoxin-NADP reductase with a glutaminyl residue at N-terminus from spinach chloroplasts

When 35%-acetone extract of spinach chloroplasts was separated by SDS-PAGE, ferredoxin-NADP reductase (FNR) appeared as a single band at a molecular mass of 35 kDa. After the polypeptides on the SDS-PAGE plate were electroblotted onto PVDF membrane, the FNR band was cut out and analyzed for N-terminal structure in a gas-phase protein sequencer. Two different FNR peptides were identified: one with glutamine at its N-terminus (Gln-FNR) and the other with -pyroglutamic acid (FNR). Next, tightly bound FNR (tFNR) fraction was extracted from chloroplasts with their loosely bound FNR (lFNR) fraction removed in advance. The tFNR fraction contained Gln-FNR only. The Gln-FNR could be highly purified by affinity chromatography using a ferredoxin column. The purified Gln-FNR was digested with arginyl endopeptidase for peptide mapping and partial sequence analysis. Primary structure of Gln-FNR differed from that of FNR previously reported by Karplus et al. (1984) only in that it has an unblocked N-terminus. Highly purified Gln-FNR gave a molecular mass of 35 kDa in SDS-PAGE analysis, but its apparent molecular mass was estimated to be 38.5 kDa by gel-filtration HPLC analysis. This larger apparent molecular mass of Gln-FNR could be ascribed to its N-terminal moiety with around 15 amino acid residues protruding outside of a globular FNR molecule.Abbreviation CBB Coomassie Brilliant Blue - dabsyl chloride (dimethylamino)azobenzenesulfonyl chloride - FNR ferredoxin-NADP reductase - Gln-FNR FNR with glutamine at N-terminus - Ile-FNR with isoleucine at N-terminus - lFNR loosely bound FNR - tFNR tightly bound FNR - FNR FNR with -pyroglutamic acid at N-terminus     

Binding of ferredoxin NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR) to plant photosystem I

The binding of FNR to PSI has been postulated long ago, however, a clear evidence is still missing. In this work, using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we found that FNR binds to photosystem I with its light harvesting complex I (PSI-LHCI) from C. reinhardtii with a 1:1 stoichiometry, a Kd of ~0.8 μM and ?H of ?20.7 kcal/mol. Titrations at different temperatures were used to determine the heat capacity change, ?CP, of the binding, through which the size of the interface area between the proteins was assessed as ~3000 Ų. In a different set of ITC experiments, introduction of various sucrose concentrations was used to estimate that ~95 water molecules are released to the solvent. These observations support the notion of a binding site shared by few of the photosystem I - light harvesting complex I (PSI-LHCI) subunits in addition to PsaE. Based on these results, a hypothetical model was built for the binding site of FNR at PSI, using known crystallographic structures of: cyanobacterial PSI in complex with ferredoxin (Fd), plant PSI-LHCI and Fd:FNR complex from cyanobacteria. FNR binding site location is proposed to be at the foot of the stromal ridge and above the inner LHCI belt. It is expected to form contacts with PsaE, PsaB, PsaF and at least one of the LHCI. In addition, a ~4.5-fold increased affinity between FNR and PSI-LHCI under crowded 1 M sucrose environment led us to conclude that in C. reinhardtii FNR also functions as a subunit of PSI-LHCI.     

Complexes of Photosynthetic Redox Proteins Studied by NMR

In the photosynthetic redox chain, small electron transfer proteins shuttle electrons between the large membrane-associated redox complexes. Short-lived but specific protein:protein complexes are formed to enable fast electron transfer. Recent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies have elucidated the binding sites on plastocyanin, cytochrome c (6) and ferredoxin. Also the orientation of plastocyanin in complex with cytochrome f has been determined. Based on these results, general features that enable the formation of such transient complexes are discussed.     

Plastoquinones are effectively reduced by ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase in the presence of sodium cholate micelles. Significance for cyclic electron transport and chlororespiration

The effect of sodium cholate and other detergents (Triton X-100, sodium dodecyl sulphate, octyl glucoside, myristyltrimethylammonium bromide) on the reduction of plastoquinones (PQ) with a different length of the side-chain by spinach ferredoxin:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (FNR) in the presence of NADPH has been studied. Both NADPH oxidation and oxygen uptake due to plastosemiquinone autoxidation were highly stimulated only in the presence of sodium cholate among the used detergents. Sodium cholate at the concentration of 20 mM was found to be the most effective on both PQ-4 and PQ-9-mediated oxygen uptake. The FNR-dependent reduction of plastoquinones incorporated into sodium cholate micelles was stimulated by spinach ferredoxin but inhibited by Mg(2+) ions. It was concluded that the structure of sodium cholate micelles facilitates contact of plastoquinone molecules with the enzyme and creates favourable conditions for the reaction similar to those found in thylakoid membranes for PQ-9 reduction. The obtained results were discussed in terms of the function of FNR as a ferredoxin:plastoquinone reductase both in cyclic electron transport and chlororespiration.     

蓝细菌Synechococcus sp.PCC7002petH基因的高效表达及其产物的纯化

铁氧还原白－ＮＡＤＰ＾＋氧还酶（ＦＮＲ）是光合电子传递中的关键酶之一。蓝细菌Ｓｙｎｅｃｈｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ ｓｐ．ＰＣＣ７００２中编码ＦＮＲ的ｐｅｔＨ基因被克隆到表达载体ｐＥＴ－３ｄ上,在大肠杆菌中得到了高效表达,其表达量占大肠杆菌总蛋白的５０５％以上。高效表达的产物以可溶性和包含体两种形式存在。可溶性部分具有ＦＮＲ的酶活性,在经过离子交换和凝胶层析后产生了电泳纯的ＦＮＲ。包含体形式的部分经６．７ｍｏ     

Schistosoma mansoni: ferredoxin-NADP(H) oxidoreductase and the metabolism of reactive oxygen species

Mitochondrial-type ferredoxin-NADP(H) oxidoreductases (FNR) catalyze the electron transport between NADPH and substrates such as ferredoxins. Even though enzymes belonging to this family are present in several organisms, including prokaryotes, their biological function is not clearly understood. In a previous work, we reported the existence of a mitochondrial-type FNR in the trematode Schistosoma mansoni (SmFNR). This enzyme conferred tolerance to oxidative stress conditions when tested in an heterologous system. In this work, we demonstrate that the SmFNR can be imported to mitochondria in mammal cells and show that its expression is induced in parasite cultures by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results reported herein give further support to the involvement of SmFNR in ROS metabolism.