1. 1. The influence of ethnic differences is discussed with reference to the following issues.
2. 2. It has been found that total numbers of active sweat glands increase in tropical populations compared with people from northern latitudes.
3. 3. It has also been observed that the active sweat glands of Eskimos are fewer than those of Caucasians.
4. 4. The rate of the evaporated sweat loss was calculated by measuring body weight loss and it was found that the evaporated sweat loss of Caucasians is larger than that of Japanese in the same climate.
5. 5. Meteorological factors might have been responsible for the smaller loss in Japanese compared with that of Japanese-Americans.
6. 6. Under the same experimental conditions, it was observed that there were little or no differences between the Caucasians and Negros.
The established consensus in sociology is to explain the transformations of the ethnic identities of migrants through processes by which the migrants combine features they share with co-ethnics with characteristics they adopt from other groups of residents. This conceptualization, however, works on the assumption that it is the differences and contradictions between the elements in the ethnic identities of the migrants, and the characteristics of other groups of residents, that motivate the transformations of migrant ethnic identities. Therefore, processes by which migrants adopt characteristics from other residents are understood to typically decrease the migrants’ differences from them. This analysis of the ethnic identity transformations of Muslims of Chinese, Indian, Pakistani, and mixed ethnic origin in Hong Kong refutes the validity of this interpretation. It shows that adopting characteristics from non-Muslim Chinese residents supported establishing multi-ethnic Islamic practices which, in turn, accentuated the differences of the Muslims from these majorities. 相似文献
Access to resources through ethnic group membership is often presumed to affect the intensity of ethnic identification. We examine this premise using survey data on three ethnic groups in Mauritius: Creoles, Hindus, and Muslims. Two key findings emerge from our research. First, access to material resources explains only a modest proportion of total variation in ethnic identification within each group. Second, the resources that affect ethnic identification differ significantly across groups. Access to political goods through group membership affects Hindu identification but is unrelated to ethnic identification among Creoles or Muslims. Conversely, access to economic goods affects Creole and Muslim identification but has no effect on Hindu identification. Explaining these group differences leads us beyond a basic means–ends instrumentalist model to identify conditions that likely mediate the relationship between individual interests and collective identification including the divisibility of economic goods relative to political goods in Mauritius. 相似文献
This article offers a new taxonomy of how actors may change ethnic boundaries. I distinguish between five main strategies: to redraw a boundary by either expanding or limiting the domain of people included in one's own ethnic category; to modify existing boundaries by challenging the hierarchical ordering of ethnic categories, or by changing one's own position within a boundary system, or by emphasizing other, non-ethnic forms of belonging. The taxonomy claims to be exhaustive and accommodates a considerable number of historical and contemporary cases both from the developed and the developing world. It aims at overcoming the fragmentation of the literature along disciplinary and sub-disciplinary lines and prepares the ground for an agency-based comparative model of ethnic boundary making. 相似文献
ABSTRACTThis review engages with Jennifer Lee and Min Zhou’s The Asian American Achievement Paradox to consider how ethnic culture matters for social mobility among the immigrant second generation. It describes the strengths and contributions of the book, connects it to broader debates on culture, poverty, and mobility, and draws on my own research on the second generation in New York City. It highlights three additional cultural mechanisms that underlie the Chinese (or Asian) second-generation advantage: social class heterogeneity in the co-ethnic community, intergenerational support in the immigrant family, and the belief in achievements as redemption for parental sacrifice. While pointing out the similarities and differences between Los Angeles and New York, it also suggests possible applications of these cultural mechanisms in explaining second-generation achievements. 相似文献
Skin color results from the production and distribution of melanin in the epidermis. The protease‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR‐2), expressed on keratinocytes but not on melanocytes, is involved in melanosome uptake via phagocytosis, and modulation of PAR‐2 activation affects skin color. The pattern of melanosome distribution within the epidermis is skin color‐dependent. In vitro, this distribution pattern is regulated by the ethnic origin of the keratinocytes, not the melanocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that PAR‐2 may play a role in the modulation of pigmentation in a skin type‐dependent manner. We examined the expression of PAR‐2 and its activator, trypsin, in human skins with different pigmentary levels. Here we show that PAR‐2 and trypsin are expressed in higher levels, and are differentially localized in highly pigmented, relative to lightly pigmented skins. Moreover, highly pigmented skins exhibit an increase in PAR‐2‐specific protease cleavage ability. Microsphere phagocytosis was more efficient in keratinocytes from highly pigmented skins, and PAR‐2 induced phagocytosis resulted in more efficient microsphere ingestion and more compacted microsphere organization in dark skin‐derived keratinocytes. These results demonstrate that PAR‐2 expression and activity correlate with skin color, suggesting the involvement of PAR‐2 in ethnic skin color phenotypes. 相似文献