Pam3CSK4 adjuvant given intranasally boosts anti-Leishmania immunogenicity but not protective immune responses conferred by LaAg vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis

The use of adjuvants in vaccine formulations is a well-established practice to improve immunogenicity and protective immunity against diseases. Previously, we have demonstrated the feasibility of intranasal vaccination with the antigen of killed Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes (LaAg) against experimental leishmaniasis. In this work, we sought to optimize the immunogenic effect and protective immunity against murine visceral leishmaniasis conferred by intranasal delivery of LaAg in combination with a synthetic TLR1/TLR2 agonist (Pam3CSK4). Intranasal vaccination with LaAg/PAM did not show toxicity or adverse effects, induced the increase of delayed-type hypersensitivity response and the production of inflammatory cytokines after parasite antigen recall. However, mice vaccinated with LaAg/PAM and challenged with Leishmania infantum presented significant reduction of parasite burden in both liver and spleen, similar to those vaccinated with LaAg. Although LaAg/PAM intranasal vaccination had induced higher frequencies of specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and increased levels of IgG2a antibody isotype in serum, both LaAg and LaAg/PAM groups presented similar levels of IL-4 and IFN-y and decreased production of IL-10 when compared to controls. Our results provide the first evidence of the feasibility of intranasal immunization with antigens of killed Leishmania in association with a TLR agonist, which may be explored for developing an effective and alternative strategy for vaccination against visceral leishmaniasis.     

Two new species of Tornidae (Caenogastropoda,Rissooidea) from Espírito Santo,Brazil

Two new species of shallow water Tornidae are found in Espírito Santo state, Brazil, formally described herein. They belong to a complex group of tiny gastropods, in such the taxonomy is very confused. Cyclostremiscus mohicanus sp. n. is characterized by three well-developed spiral, equidistant carinas, working as base of three series of tall, aligned periostracal rods. Episcinia itanhuna sp. n. has as single sculpture a series of pustules in periphery, but the periostracum bears three series of peripheral fringes with irregular rods. The new species are compared with the allies, showing a close relation with Caribbean fauna, but possessing worthy differences. These similarities have raised misidentifications.     

Three new species of Parhydraenida Balfour-Browne, 1975 (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae) from southeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT

Three new species of Parhydraenida Balfour-Browne, 1975 are described from southeastern Brazil: P. plesioformis, sp. n.; P. proboscis sp. n.; P. unicornis sp. n. The genus Parhydraenida is recorded from Minas Gerais for the first time, and P. hygropetrica Perkins, 1980 is recorded from Rio de Janeiro for the first time. We describe one secondary sexual character, which enables, for the first time, unambiguous distinction of males and females. Habitus photographs as well as line drawings of the male and female genitalia of all three new species, and of P. hygropetrica are provided.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CCA56FB6-897A-4128-B8DD-3892464A8D1B     

A new species of Behuria Cham. (Melastomataceae: Merianieae) from Brazil

Behuria comosa Tavares, Baumgratz & Goldenberg is a new species from Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, Brazil. It can be recognized by the branch nodes, sinuses of the leaf margins and domatia comose, leaves and inflorescence axes frequently three‐whorled, flowers five(–six)‐merous, calyx lobes broadly triangular and with the apex laterally flattened, and petals glabrous, thickly apiculate. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 489–492.     

Comprehensive molecular,genomic and phenotypic analysis of a major clone of Enterococcus faecalis MLST ST40

Background

Enterococcus faecalis is a multifaceted microorganism known to act as a beneficial intestinal commensal bacterium. It is also a dreaded nosocomial pathogen causing life-threatening infections in hospitalised patients. Isolates of a distinct MLST type ST40 represent the most frequent strain type of this species, distributed worldwide and originating from various sources (animal, human, environmental) and different conditions (colonisation/infection). Since enterococci are known to be highly recombinogenic we determined to analyse the microevolution and niche adaptation of this highly distributed clonal type.

Results

We compared a set of 42 ST40 isolates by assessing key molecular determinants, performing whole genome sequencing (WGS) and a number of phenotypic assays including resistance profiling, formation of biofilm and utilisation of carbon sources. We generated the first circular closed reference genome of an E. faecalis isolate D32 of animal origin and compared it with the genomes of other reference strains. D32 was used as a template for detailed WGS comparisons of high-quality draft genomes of 14 ST40 isolates. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses suggest a high level of similarity regarding the core genome, also demonstrated by similar carbon utilisation patterns. Distribution of known and putative virulence-associated genes did not differentiate between ST40 strains from a commensal and clinical background or an animal or human source. Further analyses of mobile genetic elements (MGE) revealed genomic diversity owed to: (1) a modularly structured pathogenicity island; (2) a site-specifically integrated and previously unknown genomic island of 138 kb in two strains putatively involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis; and (3) isolate-specific plasmid and phage patterns. Moreover, we used different cell-biological and animal experiments to compare the isolate D32 with a closely related ST40 endocarditis isolate whose draft genome sequence was also generated. D32 generally showed a greater capacity of adherence to human cell lines and an increased pathogenic potential in various animal models in combination with an even faster growth in vivo (not in vitro).

Conclusion

Molecular, genomic and phenotypic analysis of representative isolates of a major clone of E. faecalis MLST ST40 revealed new insights into the microbiology of a commensal bacterium which can turn into a conditional pathogen.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1367-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Riodocea (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae), a new genus from the Brazilian Atlantic forest

The genusRiodocea is here described from material collected in the várzea forest of the Rio Doce Valley, northern Espírito Santo.Riodocea is a monotypic genus probably related to the Amazonian endemicKutchubaea. A line drawing shows general morphology and photomicrographs show pollen morphology ofRiodocea pulcherrima. Distribution maps ofRiodocea andKutchubaea are included. The valley of the Rio Doce is here included in the Bahian Hylaea, defined as a subregion of the Brazilian Atlantic forest. The connections between the Amazonian Hylaea and the Bahian Hylaea are discussed.     

Didymodon caboverdeanus J.A.Jiménez & M.J.Cano (Pottiaceae,Musci), a new species from the Cape Verde archipelago

A new moss species, Didymodon caboverdeanus J.A.Jiménez & M.J.Cano, from the Cape Verde archipelago is described and illustrated. It differs most saliently from other species of Didymodon Hedw. by the combination of the lanceolate leaves with obtuse and often cucullate leaf apices, recurved margins, the yellowish colour in KOH, costa ending below the apex, laminal cells with low papillae over the transverse walls, which reach the two adjacent cells, the presence of gemmae in the leaf axils, and a short and straight peristome.