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1.
报道了中国兰科植物的三个新记录种,裂唇卷瓣兰(Bulbophyllum picturatum),长柄虾脊兰(Calan-the allizettei)和绿花毛兰(Eria lanigera)。裂唇卷瓣兰的中萼片全缘前部具一粒状附属物,唇瓣基部两侧具耳。长柄虾脊兰的中裂片非常小并具三条褶片。黄花毛兰的花黄绿色,唇瓣不裂。 相似文献
2.
Eria mêdogensis S. C. Chen et Tsi was recently found in southeastern Tibet, several specimens of which have been collected by various botanists since 1980. This is a “normal”
entity with its habit very similar to that of Eria coronaria, from which it differs by having a
regular perianth and longer bracts. We think it probable that this new entity is a peloric form
of Eria coronaria.
Peloria (or pelory) is a type of floral abnormality, which is found in many zygomorphicflowered taxa. It was first detected by Linnaeus (1744) in Linaria vulgaris, and then by others
in Labiatae, Orchidaceae, etc. However, it is still an open question how to explain it theoretically and how to treat it taxonomically.
In Orchidaceae, so far as our knowledge is concerned, peloria has been encountered in no
less than 21 genera. In most cases, peloric flowers are found sporadically on an occassional plant,
as seen in Cypripedium reginae and Eria oblitterata. Sometimes, however, peloric form may occur
coexisting with normal-flowered form in one and the same species, as seen in Dendrobium tetrodon and Epipogium roseum. They are both abnormally peloric forms. It would not result in
naming or renaming a plant taxonomically, whether the appearance of abnormally regular flowers on a normal-flowered inflorescence, or of abnormal-flowered individuals in normal-flowered species. In Phragmipedium lindenii, however, the case is different. It is quite “normal” and
even of wider distribution than its nonpeloric allies P. wallisii and P. caudatum, from which
it has once been considered to be derived. This is a normally peloric form. Whether it is a
reversal or not, the appearance of a “normally” peloric taxon may be taken for a leap in the
process of evolution. Taxonomically, we had better treat it as a separate species, especially when
its origin is uncertain. For example, the entity just mentioned had been treated as a peloric va riety of Phragmipedium caudatum (var. lindenii) until 1975, when Dressler & Williams recognized it as an independent species based on the fact that its nonpeloric flowers occassionally found
in a peloric population in Jungurahua of Ecuador are dissimilar in lip to those in P. caudatum. Garay (1979) considered it to be a peloric form of P. wallisii but maintained it at the
specific level. This is indeed a good example of taxonomic treatment of normally peloric form.
On the other hand, however, most of the regular-flowered entities in Orchidaceae are not
peloric but rather primitive forms, such as Neuwiedia, Apostasia and Thelymitra, of which no
less than 50 species have been reported since the eighteen century. They have never been regarded
as peloric forms. Unfortunately, this has been neglected by some botanists. For instance, a hypothetically primitive orchid flower designed by Pijl & Dodson (1966) has a distinctly specialized
lip with a short spur. In fact, in addition to the aforementioned genera we have some more examples of normally regular-flowered orchids. Among them Archineottia is the most interesting.
This is a genus of four species, two of which are regular-flowered. Of special interest is that in
this genus and its ally, Neottia, one can find all steps of column evolution from a simple form
with stamen and style not fully united to a most complicated form in which they have well fused.
Archineottia has a very primitive column, on which neither rostellum nor clinandrium is found
but a terminal and undifferentiated stigma (Fig.2: 2, 4, 6, 8). In addition, there exists on the
back of the column a thick ridge with its upper end joining the filament with which it is of
same texture. It is obviously the lower part of the filament which has been adnate to the style
(column). In Neottia, however, the column is much more advanced and very typical among the
family. It has a very large rostellum and most complicated stigma structure (Fig. 10, 12, 14, 16,
18). One of the most interesting examples is Neottia acuminata, in which the stigma even
becomes lamellate and almost backwards clasps the erect rostellum, but the perianth is more or
less regular with its lip entire and somewhat similar to, but shorter and wider than, the petals.
In these two genera there are altogether three species, namely Archineottia gaudissartii, A microglottis and Neottia acuminata, possessing regular or nearly regular perianth (Fig. 2: 1, 3, 17).
They are obviously not peloric forms. We can not imagine, indeed, that a complicated form
like Neottia acuminata or its allies would degenerate step by step into a simple form, and finally
into a peloric form. Archineottia belongs to the subtribe Listerinae, which is closely related to
Limodorinae, a rather primitivs subtribe with some genera possessing single pollen grain, relatively few and long chromosomes and monocotyledonous habit. Apparently, there is nothing surprising in the occurrence of some normally regular-flowered taxa, such as Archineottia, Diplandrorchis, Tangtsinia and Sinorchis, in these two primitive subtribes.
Another instance is Aceratorchis, a genus formerly included in Orchis, from which it is distinguished by the entire lip which is more or less similar to the petals. Strictly speaking, however, its flowers are not truly regular. Two species have been described in this genus, but they
were recently considered as conspecific. Aceratorchis tschiliensis is widely distributed from
Hebei through Qinghai and Sichuan to northwestern Yunnan. It is cross-pollinated and produces
seeds efficiently. All these indicate its normally primitive taxon, instead of peloria. It may be
noted here that Asia is rich in members of Orchidioideae, as well as its primitive representatives.
The occurrence of a normally regular-flowered form in Asia, whether representing primitive
form of Orchis or Orchidioideae, is imaginable.
In Orchidaceae, as mentioned above, regular flowers are not only found in some primitive
taxa and peloric forms, but also in a few advanced groups. For example, a close investigation
by the senior author (Chen 1979) on Satyrium ciliatum revealed that this species has hermaphrodite, staminate and pistallate forms, for which no less than nine names have been published.
The flowers of its pistallate form are almost regular, in which nothing is found but three
similar petals and an elongate style with three stigmatic lobes at its top (Fig. 2: 19).
It is interesting to note that floral reversions in Orchidaceae are not always in connection
with peloria. For example, Epidendrum triandrum of North America represents another kind
of reversion. It is a reversal to abnormal polymery of stamens and not to abnormal regularity
of perianth. Like Phragmipedium lindenii, it is also hereditary. We may give it a new name
“Polyandrism” or something else, but, in fact, there is no essential distinction of this kind of reversion from peloria.
It deserves mentioning that most of the regular-flowered entities, including primitive, advanced and peloric ones, occur in Asia and Australasia, where the Orchidaceae may have originated as pointed out by some botanists. We have good reason to verify the primitiveness and
normality of many regular-flowered entities, but there exists no sufficient evidence for the impossible existances of normally regular-flowered species in those like Dendrobium, Eria, Lecanorchis, etc. For instance, Lecanorchis javanica, Dendrobium atavus and the new species described
here are considered to be peloric forms, but it is only a conjecture, for no reason can be given
for it. It is not impossible that some so-called peloric forms may prove to be truly primitive ones
in the future. Of course, a closer investigation is needed.
Summarizing the above, we may come to the following conclusions:
1. Regular or nearly regular perianth is a normal characteristic of orchids. It is chiefly
found in some primitive taxa and sometimes also in certain peloric forms and advanced groups.
Regular-flowered entities may not necessarily be peloric forms.
2. There exist two different types of peloria in Orchidaceae. One is abnormal form, with
its peloric flowers appearing at random. The other is “normal” form, with its individuals all
possessing peloric flowers. The latter is inheritable and can produce seeds efficiently, It would
be best to treat it as an independent species taxonomically, especially when its origin is uncertain.
3. Although peloria has been considered to he a reversal as a whole, conditions vary from
plant to plant. Some peloric forms have petal-like lip, and others have labellum-like petals.
Sometimes the same plant produces different kinds of peloric flowers in different years, sometimes
peloric flowers do not reappear upon the same plant. A few species can produce both peloric
and normal individuals, but others produce peloric forms only. Peloria is in fact a term only
used to cover the phase in which lip becomes similar to the petals. It is never all-embracing.
We recognize the existance of peloria in Orchidaceae, but great care must be taken to distinguish
truly peloric form from normally primitive one. It must be admitted that what causes peloria
and even what is peloria are still problems awaiting solution.
Acknowledgments: Our heartfelt thanks are due to Dr. Leslie A. Garay, Curator of the
Orchid Herbarium of Oakes Ames, Botanical Museum of Harvard University, for his valuable
suggestions during the preparation of this paper. We are also indebted to the artists, Mrs. Chunrung Liu and Mr. Chao-zhen Ji of our department, for their preparing the fine drawings. 相似文献
3.
4.
1985年,我在参加由安徽省芜湖市科委、卫生局和九华山管理处联合组织的九华山植物资源调查中,采到一种兰科毛兰属植物,经鉴定系葡萄毛兰Eria reptans(Fr. et Sav.)Makino。本种只记载分布于日本和我国台湾岛,而在中国大陆是地理分布新记录。同时,毛兰属也是安徽省地理分布新记录的属。 相似文献
5.
MICHAEL WAYNE MORRIS WILLIAM LOUIS STERN F.L.S. WALTER S. JUDD 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1996,120(2):89-144
Anatomy of leaf, stem, and root of more than 100 species in subtribe Dendrobiinae (Orchidaceae) was studied with the light microscope to provide a comparative anatomical treatment of these organs, to serve as an independent source of evidence that might be taxonomically important, and to recommend such reinterpretations of existing classifications as are suggested by a phylogenetic assessment of data. We based our classification on that of Rudolf Schlechter as the most complete and widely accepted today. We found that the anatomy of plants in subtribe Dendrobiinae reflects a high degree of morphological diversity, and many of the anatomical characters appear to be homoplasous. When these anatomical data are used to interpret the systematic relationships among the genera, they indicate that Dendrobium is not monophyletic and that Cadetia and Pseuderia are apparently nested within the structure of Dendrobium when section Grastidium is chosen as a functional outgroup. Lack of resolution in the strict consensus tree illustrates the difficulty of determining the phylogenetic relationships of many of Schlechter's sections using anatomical characters. Nevertheless, we recommend that his sectional classification, with appropriate modifications based on available data, be retained for the present, pending a more detailed understanding of the phylogeny of Dendrobiinae based on morphology, micromorphology, anatomy, and DNA studies. 相似文献
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7.
阿维菌素对甘蔗绵蚜解毒酶系活性的影响 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3
采用叶片浸渍法测定了阿维菌素对甘蔗绵蚜的毒力,并用分光光度计法检测了不同浓度药剂处理后活虫体内羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化。结果表明,阿维菌素对甘蔗绵蚜的LC50为2.400×10-2mg·mL-1。甘蔗绵蚜体内β-NA羧酸酯酶活性高于α-NA羧酸酯酶,随着阿维菌素处理质量浓度的升高,α-NA羧酸酯酶活性逐渐升高,当质量浓度升高到4.500×10-2mg·mL-1时,活性达到最大,随后开始缓慢下降,而β-NA羧酸酯酶的活性总体呈上升趋势,说明甘蔗绵蚜体内β-NA羧酸酯酶的活性与阿维菌素的质量浓度可能存在一定的相关,β-NA羧酸酯酶活性的升高可能会使甘蔗绵蚜对阿维菌素产生抗性。甘蔗绵蚜体内乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性在阿维菌素处理质量浓度为2.250×10-2mg·mL-1时最高,而在处理质量浓度为4.500×10-2mg·mL-1时则降至最低,后又随阿维菌素处理质量浓度的加大而缓慢上升,乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性与阿维菌素的质量浓度不存在线性相关。 相似文献
8.
Thiruvengadam Venkatesan Prasanth Mohanraj Sushil Kumar Jalali Kottilingam Srinivasamurthy Rajarethinam Jebamani Rabindra B. L. Lakshmi 《Biocontrol Science and Technology》2008,18(3):319-323
Dipha aphidivora (Meyrick), a lepidopteran predator of sugarcane woolly aphid (SWA) Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner was successfully reared for three successive generations, for the first time on a freeze-dried beef liver-based larval semi-synthetic diet. We compared biological parameters viz., larval survival, adult weight, pre-and oviposition period, fertility, fecundity and female longevity of D. aphidivora reared on the semi-synthetic diet with the predators reared on SWA. Development time of larvae reared from first instar to pupation was 20.6 days on the semi-synthetic diet and 12 days on SWA, while survival of the larvae to adults was 61.8 and 91.8% on larval semi-synthetic diet and SWA, respectively. Fecundity recorded from semi-synthetic diet (41 eggs/female) was significantly less than those produced on SWA (58 eggs/female). However, fertility and longevity of the predators reared on SWA and semi-synthetic diet did not differ significantly. The study revealed the possibility of rearing D. aphidivora larvae using synthetic diet. 相似文献
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10.
用等位酶分析方法对三个用药背景不同的甘蔗绵蚜地理种群在9种酶(EST,G3PD,HEX,IDH,LDH,MDH,ME,PGI和PCM)上的遗传组成进行检测。结果显示:甘蔗绵蚜在9种酶共检测到9个等位酶位点,仅IDH位点具有多态性。在多态性的IDH位点共检测到3个等位基因,其中连续两年未曾用药的两院种群和用药较少的木棠种群均具有三个等位基因(a,b和c),而用药次数最多的临高种群仅存在两个等位基因(a和b)。等位基因a的频率从两院种群到临高种群逐渐升高,而等位基因b的频率却逐渐降低。说明IDH在甘蔗绵蚜的种群遗传进化过程中起着重要作用,杀虫剂的选择压力可能对甘蔗绵蚜地理种群的遗传结构具有分化作用,同时也说明IDH在甘蔗绵蚜对杀虫剂的抗性产生中具有重要作用。IDH-a频率的升高,可能导致甘蔗绵蚜对杀虫剂产生抗性,可通过检测IDH位点等位基因频率的变化来监测甘蔗绵蚜对杀虫剂的抗性。 相似文献