A new enantiornithine bird from Upper Cretaceous non-marine deposits at Villespassans (Hérault,southern France)

A coracoid of an enantiornithine bird from Upper Cretaceous (probably late Campanian) fluvial sediments at Castigno (Villespassans, Hérault, southern France) is described. It differs from all hitherto reported enantiornithine coracoids and is referred a new genus and species, Castignovolucris sebei. This bone is large and robust, indicating a bird that was among the largest known enantiornithines, possibly the size of a Canada Goose (Branta canadensis). The new taxon is an addition to the short list of Late Cretaceous birds from France and confirms that enantiornithines were an important component of European avifaunas until late in the Cretaceous.     

New enantiornithine bird (Aves, Ornithothoraces) from the Late Cretaceous of NW Argentina

A new enantiornithine bird, Intiornis inexpectatus gen. et sp. nov, is described here. It is based on a partial hind limb found in beds of the Upper Cretaceous Las Curtiembres Formation (Campanian), North-West Argentina. The new taxon is referred to the family Avisauridae on the basis of its cranially convex third metatarsal. Several features suggest close relationships between Intiornis and the avisaurid Soroavisaurus, from the Lecho Formation (Maastrichtian; North-West Argentina). Intiornis was the size of a sparrow, thus representing the smallest Enantiornithes known from South America. The new species shows adaptations for a perching mode of life. Moreover, the hypothesis suggesting that the flying pterosaur reptiles decrease in taxonomic diversity due to competitive interaction with birds is discussed. The new species shows adaptations for a perching mode of life. Moreover, the hypothesis suggesting that the flying pterosaur reptiles decrease in taxonomic diversity due to competitive interaction with birds is discussed.     

Flight reconstruction of two European enantiornithines (Aves,Pygostylia) and the achievement of bounding flight in Early Cretaceous birds

Intermittent flight through flap‐gliding (alternating flapping phases and gliding phases with spread wings) or bounding (flapping and ballistic phases with wings folded against the body) are strategies to optimize aerial efficiency which are commonly used among small birds today. The broad morphological disparity of Mesozoic birds suggests that a range of aerial strategies could have evolved early in avian evolution. Based on biomechanics and aerodynamic theory, this study reconstructs the flight modes of two small enantiornithines from the Lower Cretaceous fossil site of Las Hoyas (Spain): Concornis lacustris and Eoalulavis hoyasi. Our results show that the short length of their wings in relation to their body masses were suitable for flying through strict flapping and intermittent bounds, but not through facultative glides. Aerodynamic models indicate that the power margins of these birds were sufficient to sustain bounding flight. Our results thus suggest that C. lacustris and E. hoyasi would have increased aerial efficiency through bounding flight, just as many small passerines and woodpeckers do today. Intermittent bounding appears to have evolved early in the evolutionary history of birds, at least 126 million years ago.     

DISCOVERY OF A NEW ENANTIORNITHINE BIRD FROM THE EARLY CRETACEOUS OF LIAONING, CHINA

Thethirdspecimenisdescribedhereasanewgenusandspecies:Boluochiazhengi,andfurtherreferredtoEnantiornithesasatleastfourenantiornithinesyna-Ipom0rphiescanberecognizedinthisspecimen:(1)intercondy1arfossaoftibiota-rsusnarrow,medialcondyleoftibi0tarsuswithfairlyflatanteriormarginindistalview;(2)metatarsusIVreduced;(3)slenderlateralpr0cessofsternumwithexpa-ndeddistalend;and(4)presence0fapeculiardorsalpr0cess0npr0xima1ischium.Boluochiaisbe1ievedtobeanewenanti0rnithinebirdfr0mtheEar1yCretaceousofChina…     

A new fossil bird from the Early Cretaceous of Gansu Province,northwestern China

We report on the discovery of an Early Cretaceous bird from northwestern Gansu Province, in northwestern China. Represented by a nearly complete left wing and shoulder girdle the size of a rock dove, the new bird was quarried from laminated yellowish mudstones of the Xiagou Formation (Xinminpu Group) near Changma, in the Jiuquan area. These deposits have previously yielded the only known specimen of Gansus yumenensis, a basal ornithuromorph represented by the distal half of a hind limb with long and slender digits. Several derived characters of the new occurrence supports its allocation within Enantiornithes: (1) a convex lateral margin of the coracoid, (2) a minor metacarpal that projects distally more than the major metacarpal and (3) a proximal phalanx of the major digit longer than the intermediate (second) phalanx. The general proportions of the wing suggest it was a flier comparable to most other known enantiornithine birds. Although, direct comparisons between the new fossil and Gansus are not possible, phylogenetic based inferences supports their placement into two different clades. While the new fossil falls definitively within the enantiornithines, G. Yumenensis falls within the ornithuromorphs. The new occurrence thus adds to the taxonomic diversity of Early Cretaceous birds from Gansu Province in particular and central Asia in general.     

A new,three‐dimensionally preserved enantiornithine bird (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from Gansu Province,north‐western China

In recent years, the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) Xiagou Formation has yielded approximately 100 avian partial skeletons, many with soft‐tissue traces, from sites in the Changma Basin of Gansu Province, north‐western China. The most abundant taxon amongst these is the ornithuromorph Gansus yumenensis, but enantiornithines have also been identified in the sample. Here we describe two incomplete, semi‐articulated appendicular skeletons, the first consisting of a partial left pelvic girdle and complete pelvic limb, and the second comprised of a nearly complete right pelvic limb. Both specimens bear characteristics diagnostic of Enantiornithes, and are referred to a new taxon, Qiliania graffini gen. et sp. nov. The exceptional, three‐dimensional preservation of these specimens (compared to the crushed, nearly two‐dimensional condition of most other Early Cretaceous avian fossils) reveals new information regarding enantiornithine anatomy, evolution, and diversity. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 162 , 201–219.     

对长趾辽宁鸟的重新认识(英文)

早期发现于中国东北热河群的今鸟类化石多呈高度零散保存,本文对于惟一已知的长趾辽宁鸟( Liaoningornis longidigitrus) 标本的研究表明,该分类单元实际上是反鸟类的成员。虽然材料保存较差且破碎,但缺失发达的胸骨、胫骨脊和退化的脚爪,显示其应该被排除于更为进步的鸟胸类( ornithothoracines) 之外。辽宁鸟与所有已知的反鸟均有显著不同,但显示了与西班牙发现的 Eoalulavis hoyasi 的相似性: 它们相似的胸骨特征表明二者可能存在较密切的关系,尽管与其他反鸟类的不同表明,这可能是个体发育造成的假相。由于辽宁鸟标本过于零碎,因此目前难以确定其在反鸟类系统发育中的位置。     

对长趾辽宁鸟的重新认识(英文)

早期发现于中国东北热河群的今鸟类化石多呈高度零散保存,本文对于惟一已知的长趾辽宁鸟( Liaoningornis longidigitrus) 标本的研究表明,该分类单元实际上是反鸟类的成员。虽然材料保存较差且破碎,但缺失发达的胸骨、胫骨脊和退化的脚爪,显示其应该被排除于更为进步的鸟胸类( ornithothoracines) 之外。辽宁鸟与所有已知的反鸟均有显著不同,但显示了与西班牙发现的 Eoalulavis hoyasi 的相似性: 它们相似的胸骨特征表明二者可能存在较密切的关系,尽管与其他反鸟类的不同表明,这可能是个体发育造成的假相。由于辽宁鸟标本过于零碎,因此目前难以确定其在反鸟类系统发育中的位置。