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1.
J. Mogdans H. -U. Schnitzler J. Ostwald 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1993,172(3):309-323
1. | Echolocating bats (Eptesicus fuscus) were trained to discriminate between simulated targets consisting of one or two echo-wavefronts with internal time delays of up to 100 s. Spectral and temporal properties and total signal energy of the targets were evaluated and predictions for performances of bats derived from receiver models were compared with measured performances. |
2. | Eptesicus fuscus was able to discriminate a one-wavefront target from two-wavefront targets with distinct internal time delays (12 s, 32–40 s and 52–100 s). Performance was not affected by changes in total signal energy. Bats also successfully discriminated between two-wavefront targets with different internal time delays. |
3. | Performance predicted from differences in total energy between targets did not match the measured performance, indicating that bats did not rely on total echo energy. This finding is also supported by the behavioral data. Performance predicted from spectral and temporal receiver models both matched the measured performance and, therefore, neither one of these models can be favored over the other. |
4. | The behavioral data suggest that Eptesicus fuscus did not transform echo information into estimates of target range separation and, therefore, did not perceive the two wavefronts of each simulated two-wavefront echo as two separate targets. |
2.
为了了解上海市不同年龄组人群的Echo30病毒隐性感染情况及IgG抗体阳性率分布。采集上海市412份不同年龄组人群血清,用间接酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清中的Echo30IgG抗体。发现受检普通人群血清中Echo30IgG抗体阳性率为25.8%。其中1岁以下婴幼儿中未见抗体阳性者,15岁以下儿童抗体阳性率较低(10%~16.7%),15岁以上人群抗体阳性率水平明显升高(45.0%~46.7%)。孕妇与普通人群抗体阳性率无显著性差异。研究结果提示上海市人群中存在隐性感染者,人群通过自然感染获得免疫保护,15岁以下儿童为Echo30感染及发病的高危人群,母体传递给婴幼儿的抗体水平较低,不能为婴幼儿提供先天性免疫保护。 相似文献
3.
Simmons J. A. Ferragamo M. J. Sanderson M. I. 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2003,189(9):693-702
Big brown bats can discriminate between echoes that alternate in delay (jitter) by as little as 10–15 ns and echoes that are stationary in delay. This delay hyperacuity seems so extreme that it has been rejected in favor of an explanation in terms of artifacts in echoes, most likely spectral in nature, that presumably are correlated with delay. Using different combinations of digital, analog, and cable delays, we dissociated the overall delay of jittering echoes from the size of the analog component of delay, which alone is presumed to determine the strength of the apparatus artifact. The bats' performance remains invariant with respect to the overall delay of the jittering echoes, not with respect to the amount of analog delay. This result is not consistent with the possible use of delay-related artifacts produced by the analog delay devices. Moreover, both electronic and acoustic measurements disclose no spectral cues or impedance-mismatch reflections in delayed signals, just time-delays. The absence of artifacts from the apparatus and the failure of overlap and interference from reverberation to account for the 10-ns result means that closing the gap between the level of temporal accuracy plausibly explained from physiology and the level observed in behavior may require a better understanding of the physiology.Abbreviations FM frequency-modulated - XCR cross-correlation function 相似文献
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5.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is the method of choice to study paramagnetic cofactors that often play an important role as active centers in electron transfer processes in biological systems. However, in many cases more than one paramagnetic species is contributing to the observed EPR spectrum, making the analysis of individual contributions difficult and in some cases impossible. With time-domain techniques it is possible to exploit differences in the relaxation behavior of different paramagnetic species to distinguish between them and separate their individual spectral contribution. Here we give an overview of the use of pulsed EPR spectroscopy to study the iron-sulfur clusters of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). While FeS cluster N1 can be studied individually at a temperature of 30 K, this is not possible for FeS cluster N2 due to its severe spectral overlap with cluster N1. In this case Relaxation Filtered Hyperfine (REFINE) spectroscopy can be used to separate the overlapping spectra based on differences in their relaxation behavior. 相似文献
6.
W. Mitchell Masters Susan C. Jacobs 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1989,166(1):65-73
Summary Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) were tested for their ability to detect an electronically simulated target, and to discriminate differences in range to two simulated targets, when receiving either a model of their own sonar emissions or the model reversed in time as the echo. The theory of matched detection predicts a large decrease in performance if bats use matched filtering, unless they are somehow able to adjust their filter to match the novel, time-reversed signal. The detection thresholds we obtained were much lower than Møhl's (1986), but like him we found no difference in threshold for reversed models (Table 2). This suggests either that bats do not use matched filtering for target detection, or, possibly, that they are able to adapt their filter to a highly unnatural signal in some way as yet unknown.Unlike detection, range discrimination was much poorer with reversed echoes (Table 3). Threshold increased from about 1 cm range difference with normal model echoes to 18 cm or more with reversed model echoes. This suggests that range determination, which is based on measuring the time of arrival of echoes, does involve matched filtering. Whether such filtering is ideal (i.e., equivalent to cross-correlation detection) cannot be decided by our results, but there are some indications that the match between an echo and the presumed internal template (the match of matched filtering) must be fairly precise. Also, since performance with phantom targets generated using model echoes was as good as has been found with real targets, the internal template is probably fixed (or only slowly modifiable) rather than re-programmed with each sonar emission. Finally, because synchronization of emission and model echo was not perfect, the apparent distance to targets probably varied by 2 to 4 cm from emission to emission, although both targets would appear to move together thus keeping the range difference constant. This suggests that bats determined range to the targets simultaneously rather than sequentially, as is usually assumed.Abbreviations
BP
bat-produced echo
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FM
frequency modulated
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M
d
detection model echo
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M
d
reversed detection model echo
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M
rd
range discrimination model echo
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M
rd
reversed range discrimination model echo
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rms
root mean square
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SCR
signal-to-clutter ratio
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SNR
signal-to-noise ratio
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SPL
sound pressure level
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XCF
crosscorrelation function 相似文献
7.
用浅水湖泊型鱼探仪估算东湖鱼群数量 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
用浅水湖泊型鱼探仪估算了武汉东湖中的鱼类个体数。鱼探仪的探头可以横向或垂直放置,水平探鱼时得到的是从湖面到1.5米深的个体鱼探图像;垂直探鱼时得到的是从1.5米到水底的个体鱼探图像。按半减半角3°计算了鱼探仪探索的水团中鱼的密度。根据每100米距离的个体鱼探图像计数值的时间系列变化以及鱼类密度的两向方差分析,发现鱼类的栖息密度随湖区的不同而异。根据各湖区鱼类当时的“现存”尾数,估计东湖郭郑湖区(11平方公里)1983年10月“现存”的鱼数为44万尾,1984年3月为112万尾。 相似文献
8.
Eduard Y. Chekmenev Kristen T. Forseth McKenna N. Manion Shiela M. Jones RaeLynn M. Endicott Lorraine M. Homem Jing He Peter L. Gor'kov Dan J. Mitchell Mary J. Ellard-Ivey Myriam Cotten 《生物化学与生物物理学报:生物膜》2006,1758(9):1359-1372
We studied amidated and non-amidated piscidins 1 and 3, amphipathic cationic antimicrobial peptides from fish, to characterize functional and structural similarities and differences between these peptides and better understand the structural motifs involved in biological activity and functional diversity among amidated and non-amidated isoforms. Antimicrobial and hemolytic assays were carried out to assess their potency and toxicity, respectively. Site-specific high-resolution solid-state NMR orientational restraints were obtained from 15N-labeled amidated and non-amidated piscidins 1 and 3 in the presence of hydrated oriented lipid bilayers. Solid-state NMR and circular dichroism results indicate that the peptides are α-helical and oriented parallel to the membrane surface. This orientation was expected since peptide-lipid interactions are enhanced at the water-bilayer interface for amphipathic cationic antimicrobial peptides. 15N solid-state NMR performed on oriented samples demonstrate that piscidin experiences fast, large amplitude backbone motions around an axis parallel to the bilayer normal. Under the conditions tested here, piscidin 1 was confirmed to be more antimicrobially potent than piscidin 3 and antimicrobial activity was not affected by amidation. In light of functional and structural similarities between piscidins 1 and 3, we propose that their topology and fast dynamics are related to their mechanism of action. 相似文献
9.
Sarah A. Stamper Mary E. Bates Douglas Benedicto James A. Simmons 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2009,195(1):79-89
Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) emit frequency-modulated (FM) echolocation sounds containing two principal down-sweeping harmonics (FM1 ~ 55–25 kHz, FM2 ~ 105–50 kHz). To determine whether each harmonic contributes to perception of echo delay, bats were trained to discriminate
between “split-harmonic” echoes that differed in delay. The bat’s broadcasts were picked up with microphones, and FM1 and FM2 were separated with highpass and lowpass filters at about 55 kHz, where they overlap in frequency. Both harmonics then were
delivered from loudspeakers as positive stimuli in a 2-choice delay discrimination procedure with FM1 delayed 3.16 ms and FM2 delayed 3.46 ms (300 μs delay split). Negative stimuli contained FM1 and FM2 with the same filtering but no delay separation. These were presented at different overall delays from 11 down to 3 ms to
measure the bat’s delay discrimination acuity for each harmonic in the split harmonic echoes. The bats determined the delays
of both FM1 and FM2, but performance was overlaid by a broad pedestal of poor performance that extended for 800 μs. Splitting the harmonics by
300 μs appears to defocus the bat’s representation of delay, revealing the existence of a process for recognizing the normally
simultaneous occurrence of the harmonics. 相似文献
10.
Hannah A. Davies Jillian Madine David A. Middleton 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2015,290(12):7791-7803
Aortic medial amyloid (AMA) is the most common localized human amyloid, occurring in virtually all of the Caucasian population over the age of 50. The main protein component of AMA, medin, readily assembles into amyloid-like fibrils in vitro. Despite the prevalence of AMA, little is known about the self-assembly mechanism of medin or the molecular architecture of the fibrils. The amino acid sequence of medin is strikingly similar to the sequence of the Alzheimer disease (AD) amyloid-β (Aβ) polypeptides around the structural turn region of Aβ, where mutations associated with familial, early onset AD, have been identified. Asp25 and Lys30 of medin align with residues Asp23 and Lys28 of Aβ, which are known to form a stabilizing salt bridge in some fibril morphologies. Here we show that substituting Asp25 of medin with asparagine (D25N) impedes assembly into fibrils and stabilizes non-cytotoxic oligomers. Wild-type medin, by contrast, aggregates into β-sheet-rich amyloid-like fibrils within 50 h. A structural analysis of wild-type fibrils by solid-state NMR suggests a molecular repeat unit comprising at least two extended β-strands, separated by a turn stabilized by a Asp25-Lys30 salt bridge. We propose that Asp25 drives the assembly of medin by stabilizing the fibrillar conformation of the peptide and is thus reminiscent of the influence of Asp23 on the aggregation of Aβ. Pharmacological comparisons of wild-type medin and D25N will help to ascertain the pathological significance of this poorly understood protein. 相似文献