Nuclear DNA identification of migrating bull trout captured at the Puget Sound Energy diversion dam on the White River,Washington State

Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) is a char listed as threatened under the United States Endangered Species Act throughout its range in the coterminous United States. Substantial morphological similarities between bull trout and Dolly Varden (S. malma) make field identification difficult. This has resulted in an incomplete understanding of their distribution and abundance in Washington State where these two species occur sympatrically. We used three diagnostic nuclear loci to determine the species of char collected at a trap on the White River in southern Puget Sound (Washington State, USA). Each of the 104 samples revealed the expected bull trout genotype at all three loci. This work presents three principle results: (i) the presence of a migratory bull trout population in southern Puget Sound; (ii) no evidence of migratory Dolly Varden over 3 years; and (iii) no evidence of hybridization was detected. These results also demonstrate how molecular markers can provide information essential to the conservation and management of these species.     

Predator‐prey migration phenologies remain synchronised in a warming catchment

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Effects of metal catalysts on CO2 gasification reactivity of biomass char

The effects of five metal catalysts (K, Na, Ca, Mg, and Fe) on CO₂ gasification reactivity of fir char were studied using thermal gravimetric analysis. The degree of carbonization, crystal structure and morphology of char samples was characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The CO₂ gasification reactivity of fir char was improved through the addition of metal catalysts, in the order K>Na>Ca>Fe>Mg. XRD analysis indicated that Na and Ca improved the formation of crystal structure, and that Mg enhanced the degree of carbon structure ordering. SEM analysis showed that spotted activation centers were distributed on the surface of char samples impregnated with catalysts. Moreover, a loose flake structure was observed on the surface of both K-char and Na-char. Finally, the kinetic parameters of CO₂ gasification of char samples were calculated mathematically.     

Phylogeography of northern Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma malma based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA

The northern Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma malma, is a typical representative of arctic fauna distributed in northeastern Asia and northwestern North America. Because its spawning habitats were affected by Pleistocene glacial advances over most of its natural range, S. m. malma is among the most interesting objects of phylogeographic and microevolutionary studies. We reconstructed the genealogy of mtDNA haplotypes from 27 Alaskan and Asian populations to study the influence of glacial and geological vicariance events on the contemporary population genetic structure, phylogeographic subdivision and distribution of the northern Dolly Varden. Analysis of restriction site states in three PCR‐amplified mtDNA regions (ND1/ND2, ND5/ND6, Cytb/D‐loop; 47% of the mitochondrial genome) resolved 75 haplotypes in 436 fish. Similar patterns of subspecific variation apparent from hierarchical diversity and nested clade analyses of mtDNA haplotypes identify weak spatial differentiation and low levels of divergence. Our results suggest that (1) demographic history has been influenced by historical range expansions and recent isolation by distance, (2) present populations from Asia and North America were colonized from one main Beringian Refugium, and (3) that this taxon's ancestral population probably experienced a bottleneck in the Beringian Refugium during the late Pleistocene (Wisconsin) glacial period.     

Stream-dwelling Dolly Varden (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvelinus malma</Emphasis>) density and habitat characteristics in stream sections installed with low-head dams in the Shiretoko Peninsula,Hokkaido, Japan

Numerous low-head dams have been constructed for erosion control and installed in almost all mountainous streams in Japan. Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, is considered as one of the most intact areas in Japan, however, more than 331 low-head dams have been installed in 39 streams of the peninsula since the 1960s. In this study, the density of stream-dwelling Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) and the habitat characteristics in dam-installed sections were investigated in Shiretoko streams and compared with unaltered sections in which no dams have been installed as a reference. Fish density in dam-installed sections was significantly lower than reference sections. Canopy cover, maximum temperature, wetted width, frequencies of pebble, bedrock and boulder, and areas of rapid, glide and riffle was significantly differed between dam-installed and reference sections. High stream temperature, occurrence of glides, and loss of boulder in dam-installed sections may reduce the suitability of habitats for fish and minimize the population size. We suggest that negative effects of dam installations on Dolly Varden populations have occurred in Shiretoko streams.     

On Cloning: Advocating History of Biology in the Public Interest

Cloning – the process of creating a cell, tissue line or even a complete organism from a single cell – or the strands that led to the cloning of a mammal, Dolly, are not new. Yet the media coverage of Dolly's inception raised a range of reactions from fear or moral repulsion, to cautious optimism. The implications for controlling human reproduction were clearly in the forefront, though many issues about animals emerged as well. On topics of public interest such as cloning, historians of biology have the opportunity to make a unique contribution. Such debates are often aired as if they have no precedents, either in biology or in the ethical, moral, and social concerns arising in the public arena. The technology leading to Dolly draws on strands of research going back to the 1890s, and the cycle of public response has been repeated often in the past century. What can we learn from examining these events historically, and how can we – or should we even try – to inform public opinion? I think we should try and will outline briefly some of the ways that can work.     

Redd superimposition by introduced rainbow trout,oncorhynchus mykiss, on native charrs in a japanese stream

Spawning redd superimposition of introduced, spring-spawning rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, on native, fall-spawning Dolly varden,Salvelinus malma, and white-spotted charr,S. leucomaenis, were examined in a small stream in Hokkaido, Japan. The stream reaches in which Dolly Varden and white-sported charr redds were observed in fall 1997 greatly overlapped with the reaches in which rainbow trout redds were recorded in spring 1998. Spawning microhabitats were also similar between trout and the two charr species. Thirteen and 3% of Dolly Varden and white-spotted charr redds, respectively, were superimposed by rainbow trout redds. The eggs or alevins in the disturbed charr redds were potentially damaged because charrs were not likely to have emerged from the redds before the superimposition occurred. In sufficiently great abundance, introduced rainbow trout may negatively impact native charr populations by dislodging the latter’s spawning redds.     

克隆绵羊——多莉(DOLLY)的研究进展

多莉,第一例大型克隆哺乳动物,由一只称为FinnDorset的6岁母羊乳腺体细胞的基础生命物质经细胞核转移等操作而产生。成果公布后,持怀疑观点的学者提出,提供体细胞的母羊是否本身处在妊娠状态?推测多莉是由胚胎细胞产生,并非体细胞本身克隆所致。由于6岁的母羊死于1995年,只能用其冷冻保存的乳腺组织在Hannah研究中心进行细胞群体的分析。首先,用微卫星扩增技术,以三套引物进行测定;其次,进行DNA指纹分析来断定供体体细胞起源,以确定多莉的真实性。最后证实多莉来自成年母羊乳腺的体细胞。     

Variation in migratory history of Dolly Varden in a stream with an artificial dam in the Shiretoko Peninsula,Hokkaido, Japan

The variation of migration patterns in Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma in a stream with an artificial dam (erosion-control-dam) in the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido Island, Japan, at the southernmost part of its distribution, was examined by otolith Sr:Ca ratio analysis. All specimens from the above-dam area showed consistently low Sr:Ca ratios (<5.0 × 10⁻³) throughout the otolith. In contrast, many specimens from the below-dam area had higher ratios (>5.0 × 10⁻³) throughout the otolith or only at the outer part than do those from the above-dam area. This higher ratio is probably due to salinity effects. Specimen from the below-dam area could be divided into three types: (1) Consistently low Sr:Ca ratios throughout the otolith, being freshwater residents. (2) Low Sr:Ca ratios around the inner part of the otolith, and thereafter higher ratios toward the outer part, being typically anadromous. (3) Relatively higher Sr:Ca ratios throughout many or in some parts of the otolith, indicating that these have migrated from the freshwater to brackish water or seawater from the early life stage. These findings suggest that Dolly Varden has a high degree of plasticity in its migratory behavior.