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Invertebrates are the main source of protein for many small-to-medium sized monkeys. Prey vary in size, mobility, degree of protective covering, and use of the forest, I.e. Canopy height, and whether they are exposed or embed themselves in substrates. Sex-differentiation in foraging patterns is well documented for some monkey species and recent studies find that color vision phenotype can also affect invertebrate foraging. Since vision phenotype is polymorphic and sex-linked in most New World monkeys - males have dichromatic vision and females have either dichromatic or trichromatic vision - this raises the possibility that sex differences are linked to visual ecology. We tested predicted sex differences for invertebrate foraging in white-faced capuchins Cebus capucinus and conducted 12 months of study on four free-ranging groups between January 2007 and September 2008. We found both sex and color vision effects. Sex: Males spent more time foraging for invertebrates on the ground. Females spent more time consuming embedded, colonial invertebrates, ate relatively more "soft" sedentary invertebrates, and devoted more of their activity budget to invertebrate foraging. Color Vision: Dichromatic monkeys had a higher capture efficiency of ex posed invertebrates and spent less time visually foraging. Trichromats ate relatively more "hard" sedentary invertebrates. We con clude that some variation in invertebrate foraging reflects differences between the sexes that may be due to disparities in size, strength, reproductive demands or niche preferences. However, other intraspecific variation in invertebrate foraging that might be mistakenly attributed to sex differences actually reflects differences in color vision. 相似文献
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Gerald H. Jacobs Jess F. Deegan II 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1992,171(3):351-358
Summary Procyonids are small, New World carnivores distributed among some 6 genera. Electroretinogram (ERG) flicker photometry was used to measure the spectra of the cone photopigments for members of two nocturnal species, the raccoon (Procyon lotor) and the kinkajou (Potos flavus), and a diurnal species, the coati (Nasua nasua). Each of the 3 has a class of cone photopigment with maximum sensitivity in the middle to long wavelengths. The spectral positioning of this cone is different for the three. Whereas the raccoon and kinkajou are monochromatic, the diurnal coati is a dichromat having an additional class of cone photopigment with peak sensitivity close to 433 nm.Abbreviations
ERG
electroretinogram
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SWS
short wavelength sensitive 相似文献
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G. H. Jacobs J. F. Deegan II J. Neitz B. P. Murphy K. V. Miller R. L. Marchinton 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1994,174(5):551-557
Electroretinogram (ERG) flicker photometry was used to study the spectral mechanisms in the retinas of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and fallow deer (Dama dama). In addition to having a rod pigment with maximum sensitivity (max) of about 497 nm, both species appear to have two classes of photopic receptors. They share in common a short-wavelength-sensitive cone mechanism having max in the region of 450–460 nm. Each also has a cone having peak sensitivity in the middle wavelengths, but these differ slightly for the two species. In white-tailed deer the max of this cone is about 537 nm; for the fallow deer the average max value for this mechanism was 542 nm. Deer resemble other ungulates and many other types of mammal in having two classes of cone pigment and, thus, the requisite retinal basis for dichromatic color vision.Abbreviations ERG
electroretinogram
- LWS
long wavelength sensitive
- MWS
middle wavelength sensitive
- SWS
short wavelength sensitive 相似文献
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Most Neotropical primate species possess a polymorphic X-linked and a monomorphic autosomal color vision gene. Consequently,
populations are composed of both dichromatics and trichromatics. Most theories on the maintenance of this genetic system revolve
around possible advantages for foraging ecology. To examine the issue from a different angle, we compared the numbers and
relative frequencies of alleles at the X-linked locus among three species of Saimiri representing a wide range of geographical and behavioral variation in the genus. Exons 3, 4, and 5 of the X-linked opsin
gene were sequenced for a large number of X chromosomes for all three species. Several synonymous mutations were detected
in exons 4 and 5 for the originally reported alleles but only a single nonsynonymous change was detected. Two alleles were
found that appeared to be the result of recombination events. The low occurrence of recombinant alleles and absence of mutations
in the amino acids critical for spectral tuning indicates that stabilizing selection acts to maintain the combinations of
critical sites specific to each allele. Allele frequencies were approximately the same for all Saimiri species, with a slight but significant difference between S. boliviensis and S. oerstedii. No apparent correlation exists between allele frequencies and behavioral or biogeographical differences between species,
casting doubt on the speculation that the spectral sensitivities of the alleles have been maintained because they are specifically
well-tuned to Saimiri visual ecology. Rather, the spectral tuning peaks might have been maintained because they are as widely spaced as possible
within the limited range of middlewave to longwave spectra useful to all primates. This arrangement creates a balance between
maximizing the distance between spectral tuning peaks (allowing the color opponency of the visual system to distinguish between
peaks) and maximizing the number of alleles within a limited range (yielding the greatest possible frequency of heterozygotes). 相似文献
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J. M. Hemmi 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1999,185(6):509-515
Despite earlier assertions that most mammals are colour blind, colour vision has in recent years been demonstrated in a variety
of eutherian mammals from a wide range of different orders. This paper presents the first behavioural evidence from colour
discrimination experiments, that an Australian marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), has dichromatic colour vision. In addition, the experiments show that the wallabies readily learn the relationship between
the presented colours rather than the absolute hues. This provides a sensitive method to measure the location of the neutral-point,
which is the wavelength of monochromatic light that is indistinguishable from white. This point is a diagnostic feature for
dichromats. The spectral sensitivity of the wallabies' middle-wavelength-sensitive photoreceptor is known (peak: 539 nm) and
the behavioural results imply that the sensitivity of the short-wavelength-sensitive receptor must be near 420 nm. These spectral
sensitivities are similar to those found in eutherian mammals, supporting the view that the earliest mammals had dichromatic
colour vision.
Accepted: 18 July 1999 相似文献
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