慢性缺氧对大鼠膈肌组织化学和超微结构影响的研究

研究慢性缺氧和参麦注射液治疗对大鼠膈肌组织化学和超微结构的影响,结果显示：缺氧使膈肌ＳＤＨ活性降低,Ⅰ类纤维极显著减少,运动终板ＣｈＥ活性极显著降低,线粒体肿胀变性,神经肌肉运动终板突触前部囊泡减少,突触间隙模糊,终板模电子密度降低;参麦治疗可恢复缺氧膈肌的ＳＤＨ活性及Ⅰ类纤维数目,显著提高终板ＣｈＥ活性,线粒体结构恢复正常,运动终板突触前部囊泡丰富,突触间隙清晰,终板膜电子密度正常。表明慢性缺氧降低膈肌有氧氧化能力,影响其能量代谢及神经冲动的传递,从而减弱其收缩力,而参安治疗可改善缺氧造成的上述损害,为其临床应用提供了实验医学依据。     

经鼻高流量氧疗对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者血气指标、膈肌功能及炎性反应的影响

摘要 目的：探讨经鼻高流量氧疗对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）患者血气指标、膈肌功能及炎性反应的影响。方法：回顾性分析2018年2月~2020年8月我院收治的119例AECOPD患者的临床资料。根据不同氧疗方法分为传统组59例和研究组60例,传统组给予传统氧疗,研究组给予经鼻高流量氧疗。对比两组治疗前后血气指标、膈肌功能及炎性反应的变化情况,观察两组不良反应发生率、治疗后再插管率、喘急胸闷和咳痰困难消失率。结果：研究组治疗后动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO₂） 较传统组低,血氧饱和度（SaO₂）、动脉血氧分压（PaO₂）高于传统组（均P<0.05）。研究组治疗后膈肌浅快呼吸指数（D-RSBI）、平静呼吸膈肌移动度（DEq）低于传统组（均P<0.05）。研究组治疗后血清白细胞介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α 低于传统组（均P<0.05）。研究组治疗后再插管率低于传统组,喘急胸闷消失率、咳痰困难消失率高于传统组（均P<0.05）。两组的不良反应总发生率组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：与传统氧疗相比,经鼻高流量氧疗应用于AECOPD患者可有效改善血气指标、膈肌功能,减轻炎性反应,改善患者的临床症状。     

The FgfrL1 receptor is required for development of slow muscle fibers

FgfrL1, which interacts with Fgf ligands and heparin, is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (Fgfr) family. FgfrL1-deficient mice show two significant alterations when compared to wildtype mice: They die at birth due to a malformed diaphragm and they lack metanephric kidneys. Utilizing gene arrays, qPCR and in situ hybridization we show here that the diaphragm of FgfrL1 knockout animals lacks any slow muscle fibers at E18.5 as indicated by the absence of slow fiber markers Myh7, Myl2 and Myl3. Similar lesions are also found in other skeletal muscles that contain a high proportion of slow fibers at birth, such as the extraocular muscles. In contrast to the slow fibers, fast fibers do not appear to be affected as shown by expression of fast fiber markers Myh3, Myh8, Myl1 and MylPF. At early developmental stages (E10.5, E15.5), FgfrL1-deficient animals express slow fiber genes at normal levels. The loss of slow fibers cannot be attributed to the lack of kidneys, since Wnt4 knockout mice, which also lack metanephric kidneys, show normal expression of Myh7, Myl2 and Myl3. Thus, FgfrL1 is specifically required for embryonic development of slow muscle fibers.     

Different effects of ATP on the contractile activity of mice diaphragmatic and skeletal muscles

Apart from acetyl-choline (Ach), adenosine-5′-trisphosphate (ATP) is thought to play a role in neuromuscular function, however little information is available on its cellular physiology. As such, effects of ATP and adenosine on contractility of mice diaphragmatic and skeletal muscles (m. extensor digitorum longa—MEDL) have been investigated in in vitro experiments. Application of carbacholine (CCh) in vitro in different concentrations led to pronounced muscle contractions, varying from 9.15 ± 4.76 to 513.13 ± 15.4 mg and from 44.65 ± 5.01 to 101.46 ± 9.11 mg for diaphragm and MEDL, respectively. Two hundred micromolars of CCh in both muscles caused the contraction with the 65% (diaphragm) to 75% (MEDL) of maximal contraction force—this concentration was thus used in further experiments. It was found that application of ATP (100 μM) increased the force of diaphragmatic contraction caused by CCh (200 μM) from 335.2 ± 51.4 mg (n = 21) in controls to 426.5 ± 47.8 mg (n = 10; P < 0.05), but decreased the contractions of MEDL of CCh from 76.6 ± 6.5 mg (n = 26) in control to 40.2 ± 9.0 mg (n = 8; P < 0.05). Application of adenosine (100 μM) had no effect on CCh-induced contractions of these muscles.

Resting membrane potential (MP) measurements using sharp electrodes were done at 10, 20 and 30 min after the application of ATP and adenosine. Diaphragm showed depolarization from 75 ± 0.6 down to 63.2 ± 1.05, 57.2 ± 0.96 and 53.6 ± 1.1 mV after 10, 20 and 30 min of exposition, respectively (20 fibers from 4 muscles each, P < 0.05 in all three cases). Adenosine showed no effect on diaphragmatic MP. Both agents were ineffective in case of MEDL.

The effects of ATP in both tissues were abolished by suramin (100 μM), a P2-receptor antagonist, and chelerythrin (50 μM), a specific protein-kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, but were not affected by 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazolo-[4,3-]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 1 μM), a guanylyl-cyclase inhibitor, or by adenosine-3,5-monophosphothioate (Rp-cAMP, 1 μM), a protein-kinase A (PKA) inhibitor.

Besides the action on contractile activity, ATP (100 μM) led to a significant (P < 0.001) depolarization of diaphragm muscle fibers from 74.5 ± 2.3 down to 64 ± 2.1, 58.2 ± 2.2 and 54.3 ± 2.4 mV after 10, 20 and 30 min of incubation, respectively. Incubation of MEDL with the same ATP concentration showed no significant change of MP.

Denervation of the muscles for 28 days led to a decrease of CCh-induced contractions of diaphragm down to 171.1 ± 34.5 mg (n = 11, P < 0.05), but increased the contractile force of MEDL up to 723.9 ± 82.3 mg (n = 9, P < 0.01). Application of ATP elevated the contractility of denervated diaphragm caused by CCh up to normal values (311.1 ± 79.7 mg, n = 6, P > 0.05 versus control), but did not significantly affect of contractility of MEDL, which became 848.1 ± 62.7 mg (n = 6).

These results show that the effects of ATP on both diaphragmatic and skeletal muscles are mediated through P2Y receptors coupled to chelerytrin-sensitive protein-kinase C.     

罗库溴铵和顺式阿曲库铵持续输注对机械通气SD 大鼠膈肌功能 的影响

目的:比较罗库溴铵或顺式阿曲库铵24h持续输注对机械通气SD大鼠膈肌功能的影响.方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为四组:一组作为对照组,另外三组用来进行24h的机械通气.其中一组为罗库溴铵组持续输注罗库溴铵,一组顺式阿曲库铵和一组生理盐水.结果:24h机械通气后,与生理盐水组相比,罗库溴铵组的膈肌最大强直张力下降29％,膈肌MuRF-1的mRNA水平增加30％,calpain活性增加约57％,而等效剂量的顺式阿曲库铵组则没有明显改变.结论:与顺式阿曲库铵相比,罗库溴铵可引起Calpain活性的增强和泛素-蛋白酶体系统的激活,对膈肌功能的损害和蛋白水解活性的增强作用更明显.     

Substituting dietary linoleic acid with α-linolenic acid improves insulin sensitivity in sucrose fed rats

This study describes the effect of substituting dietary linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) with α-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) on sucrose-induced insulin resistance (IR). Wistar NIN male weanling rats were fed casein based diet containing 22 energy percent (en%) fat with ～6, 9 and 7 en% saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) respectively for 3 months. IR was induced by replacing starch (ST) with sucrose (SU). Blends of groundnut, palmolein, and linseed oil in different proportions furnished the following levels of 18:3 n-3 (g/100 g diet) and 18:2 n-6/18:3 n-3 ratios respectively: ST-220 (0.014, 220), SU-220 (0.014, 220), SU-50 (0.06, 50), SU-10 (0.27, 10) and SU-2 (1.1, 2). The results showed IR in the sucrose fed group (SU-220) as evidenced by increase in fasting plasma insulin and area under the curve (AUC) of insulin in response to oral glucose load. In SU-220, the increase in adipocyte plasma membrane cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was associated with a decrease in fluidity, insulin stimulated glucose transport, antilipolytic effect of insulin and increase in basal and norepinephrine stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes. In SU-50, sucrose induced alterations in adipocyte lipolysis and antilipolysis were normalized. However, in SU-2, partial corrections in plasma insulin, AUC of insulin and adipocyte insulin stimulated glucose transport were observed. Further, plasma triglycerides and cholesterol decreased in SU-2. In diaphragm phospholipids, the observed dose dependent increase in long chain (LC) n-3 PUFA was associated with a decrease in LC-n-6 PUFA but insulin stimulated glucose transport increased only in SU-2. Thus, this study shows that the substitution of one-third of dietary 18:2 n-6 with 18:3 n-3 (SU-2) results in lowered blood lipid levels and increases peripheral insulin sensitivity, possibly due to the resulting high LCn-3 PUFA levels in target tissues of insulin action. These findings suggest a role for 18:3 n-3 in the prevention of insulin resistant states. The current recommendation to increase 18:3 n-3 intake for reducing cardiovascular risk may also be beneficial for preventing IR in humans.     

小鼠膈腹膜淋巴孔和膈淋巴管的发育

应用透射电镜、扫描电镜和酶组织化学方法,研究胚胎期和出生后不同时期小鼠膈腹膜淋巴孔（PLS）和膈淋巴管的发生和发育,并用Elescope计算机图像处理技术对PLS进行定量分析。结果发现：胚胎13天时,膈腹膜仅由扁平形间皮细胞（FMC）组成;胚胎15天时,FMC间出现立方形间皮细胞（CMC）和早期腹膜淋巴孔（NLS）;胚胎18天时,膈毛细淋巴管出现,台盼蓝吸收试验显示NLS无物质吸收功能;出生后1天（PND1）,膈毛细淋巴管内皮细胞向PLS伸出胞质突起,并横跨CMC下结缔组织纤维和基底膜,形成腹膜下小管。后者与PLS沟通,建立了腹膜腔内物质转归通路。台盼蓝吸收试验表明,出生后PLS具有物质吸收功能,即为成熟腹膜淋巴孔（MLS）。PND5,立方细胞嵴（CMCR）发生,膈毛细淋巴管数量增多。PND10,大量立方细胞嵴融合,形成条带状分布的立方细胞区域,其上分布有大量MLS。随着发育进展,MLS平均面积和平均分布密度逐渐增大,且随着膈淋巴管的发育,吸收功能逐渐增强。     

Trypanosoma congolense. II. Histopathologic findings in experimentally infected cattle

Heart, kidney, lung, liver, brain, spleen, lymph nodes, tongue, and diaphragm of 9 cattle experimentally infected with the Trans Mara I strain of Trypanosoma congolense, were examined histologically. A haemosiderosis, infiltrations in the kidney, changes in the vascular wall mainly of the arteries of the lung, scattered local perivascular, and meningeal infiltrations, and small juxtavascular glial nodules in the CNS were found.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者超声监测膈肌增厚率与肺功能的相关性

摘要 目的：探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者超声监测膈肌增厚率与肺功能的相关性。方法：2019年1月到2020年12月选择在本院诊治的COPD患者72例作为COPD组,同期选择在本院体检的健康人72例作为对照组。采用超声监测两组入选者的膈肌增厚率,使用肺功能测定仪测定呼气流量峰值(peak expiratory flow,PEF)、第1 秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second,FEV₁)、肺活量25 %时用力呼气流速(Vmax25%,V25)、肺活量50 %时用力呼气流速(Vmax50%,V50)、肺活量75 %时用力呼气流速(Vmax75%,V75)等指标并进行相关性分析。结果：COPD组的膈肌增厚率低于对照组,对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。COPD组的FEV₁、PEF、V25、V50、V75值都低于对照组,对比差异都有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在COPD组患者中,Pearson相关分析显示膈肌增厚率与FEV₁、PEF、V25、V50、V75都存在正相关性(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示FEV₁、PEF、V25、V50、V75为影响膈肌增厚率的重要影响因素P<0.05)。结论：COPD患者超声监测可显示膈肌增厚率与肺功能降低,两者存在相关性,肺功能下降也是导致患者膈肌增厚率降低的重要危险因素。