马尾松毛虫的光周期反应

马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus Walker和油松毛虫 Dendrolimus tabulaeformisTsai et Liu都属于长日照型昆虫。它们的光周期反应却存在着明显的差开。马尾松毛虫初龄幼虫对光照时数虽然敏感,可是只有在整个幼虫期都处在短光照周期条件下才能维持幼虫的滞育。 而且, 幼虫的滞育强度明显较弱,解除滞育所要求的条件也不如油松毛虫严格。在较高温度条件下,幼虫的滞育更不稳定,一般仅表现为生长的短暂停滞和幼虫历期的相对延长。温度和光周期还可影响到幼虫的存活和性比。马尾松毛虫幼虫呈典型的浅滞育现象。正是由于这一特性,在环境条件的影响下,长江沿岸省份不同年份马尾松毛虫二、三代分化的比例才有较大的波动,这直接关系着当地的种群动态,也是当年当地高虫口区二代虫能否成灾的关键。     

赤松林受虫害后生物学及光谱学特征的变化

 本文重点研究春季山东招远赤松林受赤松毛虫危害后,其针叶形态特征、叶绿素含量及光谱反射率特征的变化,结果表明：春季赤松受赤松毛虫啃食危害后,树势衰弱,生长不良,针叶颜色变化,褪绿甚至死亡,可分为五个等级;随受害程度的加重,叶绿素含量逐渐降低;赤松受损后,红界光谱曲线拐点“蓝移”,可用特征参量Rs、Ro、λp、λpr、λo、R550-680的值表征。     

人工补充寄主卵对松林内卵蜂种群消长的影响

在不同生境的松林中,人工补充寄主卵都能提高寄生效果。但林地生境不同,寄生率有明显差异。在松阔混交林中补充寄主,其寄生率比对照提高5.5—16.2倍。植被稀疏的纯松林效果较差,补充的寄生率比对照提高3.0倍。 卵蜂种群消长随季节温度而变化,全年以5月中旬至6月下旬和9月中旬至10月中旬为两个寄生高峰。卵蜂种群与松毛虫种群的消长存在较明显的相依关系,卵蜂种群随着松毛虫种群的消长而消长。施药对卵蜂种群有较大影响,施药区比对照区的寄生率约降低一倍。在混交林中填充寄主卵,能促进卵蜂种群世代延续。在逐步改善林地生境的基础上,利用人工补充寄主,可以代替人工繁蜂放蜂。     

油松毛虫的光周期反应:温度和营养对临界光周的影响

油松毛虫Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu的临界光周值,在适温区内随温度的下降而增加.不同季节和不同生长阶段的油松针叶,即营养质量不同的针叶,对油松毛虫幼虫的生长、发育和存活影响明显,从而影响着油松毛虫的光周期反应.这些结果,为油松毛虫的世代发生及种群动态的预测提供了一定的依据.     

Chromosome‐level genome assembly of an important pine defoliator,Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera; Lasiocampidae)

Dendrolimus spp. are important destructive pests of conifer forests, and Dendrolimus punctatus Walker (Lepidoptera; Lasiocampidae) is the most widely distributed Dendrolimus species. During periodic outbreaks, this species is said to make “fire without smoke” because large areas of pine forest can be quickly and heavily damaged. Yet, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie the unique ecological characteristics of this forest insect. Here, we combined Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) RSII single‐molecule long reads and high‐throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi‐C) genomics‐linked reads to produce a high‐quality, chromosome‐level reference genome for D. punctatus. The final assembly was 614 Mb with contig and scaffold N50 values of 1.39 and 22.15 Mb, respectively, and 96.96% of the contigs anchored onto 30 chromosomes. Based on the prediction, this genome contained 17,593 protein‐coding genes and 56.16% repetitive sequences. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that D. punctatus diverged from the common ancestor of Hyphantria cunea, Spodoptera litura and Thaumetopoea pityocampa ~ 108.91 million years ago. Many gene families that were expanded in the D. punctatus genome were significantly enriched for the xenobiotic biodegradation system, especially the cytochrome P450 gene family. This high‐quality, chromosome‐level reference genome will be a valuable resource for understanding mechanisms of D. punctatus outbreak and host resistance adaption. Because this is the first Lasiocampidae insect genome to be sequenced, it also will serve as a reference for further comparative genomics.     

中国地鼠线粒体DNA 16S rRNA基因序列分析及分子系统发育研究

目的通过克隆分析中国地鼠16S基因的部分序列,对中国地鼠16S基因的结构和功能进行初步探索和揭示。方法从GenBank中已报道的啮齿动物16S基因保守区设计一对引物,进行PCR扩增,测序。用Blastn与GenBank中七种啮齿类动物的16S基因进行序列比较,分析其碱基组成及变异情况,并用邻接法(NJ)、非加权组平均法(UPGMA)构建分子系统树,在分子水平上探讨中国地鼠和其他啮齿类动物的进化关系,对中国地鼠的种属地位进行了进一步验证。结果获得了中国地鼠线粒体16S基因的部分序列,其碱基组成A、T、C、G分别为40.5%、24.5%、18.7%、16.3%,与其他七种啮齿类动物的碱基含量相比,各碱基含量基本相似。NJ进化树表明,中国地鼠、金黄地鼠与欧洲仓鼠先聚为一支,小鼠与大鼠先聚为一支,东方田鼠、台湾田鼠与东欧田鼠先聚为一支。结论中国地鼠和金黄地鼠的亲缘关系最近,与传统的分类地位基本吻合。     

马尾松毛虫幼虫的捕食天敌及其捕食作用的研究

根据林间调查和室内观察资料,分析了江西省万年县不同松林中马尾松毛虫不同发生代别低龄幼虫期的主要捕食天敌种类及数量。结果表明低龄幼虫期捕食无敌有13科31种,其中以蜘蛛类最多,其次为蚂蚁类。不同林型中捕食天敌的种类和数量在年份间代别间均存在一定差异,数量差异尤其显著。在室内研究了几种主要捕食无敌对马尾松毛虫低龄幼虫的捕食作用及其功能反应,结果表明功能反应为S型,由此建立了它们的功能反应模型。     

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of three odorant binding protein gene transcripts in Dendrolimus species (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Pine caterpillar moths, Dendrolimus spp. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), are serious economic pest of pines. Previously, phylogenetic analyses of Dendrolimus using different methods yielded inconsistent results. The chemosensory systems of insects may play fundamental roles in promoting speciation. Odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs) participate in the first step of odor detection. Studying the evolution of OBPs in closely related species may help us to identify their role in speciation. We identified three OBPs – one pheromone‐binding protein and two general odorant‐binding proteins – from male antennae of four Dendrolimus species, D. superans (Butler), D. punctatus (Walker), D. kikuchii Matsumura, and D. houi Lajonquiere, the olfactory recognition systems of which had not been previously investigated. We analyzed their molecular characteristics and compared their sequences to those of OBPs in D. tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu. Ka/Ks ratio analyses among the five Dendrolimus species indicate that PBP1 genes experienced more evolutionary pressure than the GOBPs. Phylogenetic relationships of PBP1 and GOBP1 both indicated that D. houi was the basal species, then branched D. kikuchii, while D. tabulaeformis, D. punctatus, and D. superans evolved more recently. These relationships are consistent with the changes in sex pheromone components of these five species. Dendrolimus tabulaeformis and D. punctatus are closely related sister species. However, the distances among GOBP2 sequences in the five Dendrolimus were very short, and the relationships of D. houi and D. kikuchii could not be resolved. Integrating our results with those of previous studies, we hypothesized that D. kikuchii, D. punctatus and D. superans evolved from the basal ancestor because of sex pheromone mutations and environmental pressure.     

思茅松毛虫四龄幼虫肠道好氧细菌的ARDRA分析及鉴定

从思茅松毛虫Dendrolimu kikuchii Matsumura4龄幼虫肠道环境中分离、纯化、培养,获得11株好氧细菌菌株。以细菌基因组DNA为模板,用细菌通用引物(27f、1492r)对模板进行PCR扩增,并用4种限制性内切酶HaeⅢ、HindⅢ、HinfⅠ、TaqⅠ对PCR产物进行ARDRA(amplified rDNA restriction analysis)多态性分析,在84%的相似水平上可分成6大类群,多样性丰富。对6大类群的代表菌株进行16SrDNA序列测定,分析表明:分离到的11株好氧细菌中4N05、4N08和4N11归属克雷伯氏杆菌属(Klebsiellasp.),4N02归属Lysinibacillus属;4N03和4N09确定到种,分别是γ-变形杆菌(Gamma proteobacterium)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis strain);4N04、4N06、4N07和4N01、4N10也可以确定到种,其中前3株是短短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus brevisstrain),后2株是沼泽短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus limnophilusstrain),并且这5株菌都归属短芽孢杆菌属(Brevibacillus sp.)。通过研究,既可以为松毛虫的生物防治提供微生态理论依据,又丰富了微生物资源库。     

阿维菌素林间防治柳杉毛虫的药效试验

林间喷洒不同浓度的阿维菌素。防治柳杉毛虫幼虫,结果显示：800、1200、1600、2000倍液防治效果均达到82．4％以上,其中1200倍波防效达96．1％,可适用大面积生产性防治。