The preparation in vitro of chrysanthemum for transplantation to soil

Plantlets of Dendranthema grandiflora Pennine Reel were grown from nodal sections on Sorbarods saturated with liquid medium containing 0–3 mg 1^–1 of various growth retardants. After 4 weeks they were transferred to compost and maintained at a relative humidity of 42% at 27.5°C. Wilting was assessed over a period of 3 h. Plantlets treated with paclobutrazol, flurprimidol, triapenthenol, chlorphonium chloride, uniconazol and ancymidol showed dose-related reductions in wilting up to a concentration of 3 mg 1^–1. Responses to tetcyclacis and mepiquat chloride were weaker, and no responses to chlormequat chloride, BTS 44584 or diaminozide could be detected. These observations are compatible with an hypothesis that resistance to wilting derives from inhibited synthesis of gibberellins.     

中国菊属一些种的分支分类学研究

运用分支分析方法研究了12种原产中国的野生菊属植物的系统发育关系,并引入了若干栽培品种及部分杂种一代植株作为分析材料。研究结果表明：分支分析方法有效而准确地将分类群分类,并揭示出毛华菊（Dendranthemarestitum）与菊花（Dendranthema×gran-diflorum）同为菊属植物中进化程度较高的种,部分种间杂种也已进入栽培类群。同时还发现不同性状在各品种间平行进化的现象。根据上述结果,作者讨论了中国菊属植物的系统进化及菊花起源问题。     

神农香菊干花净油成分的研究

神农香菊全草提取的香浸膏香气浓郁独特,可用于调配多种高档化妆用香精,也可直接用于饮料中,在香精香料工业中具有较大的实用价值。本文首次报告了我们用毛细管气相色谱仪和色谱/质谱/计算机联用分析仪,对神农香菊干花净油成分进行分析的初步结果。鉴定出的已知成分包括脂肪族类,含氧或非含氧的单萜及倍半萜类化合物32个。     

野菊与菊花杂交中花粉活力和柱头可授性及胚胎发育研究

应用石蜡制片、活体压片、光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜观察等方法,研究了四倍体河南云台山野菊(Dendranthema indicum)与栽培菊花'钟山金山'(D.grandiflorum 'Zhongshanjinshan')种间杂交中父本花粉活力、花粉在柱头萌发、花粉管生长及胚胎发育情况等.结果发现,父本云台山野菊的花粉活力在授粉时为12%左右.人工授粉后的不同时间,在柱头上都观察到正常萌发的花粉粒,且花粉管都能进入柱头,其中,在授粉后0.5 h时,平均每柱头有5.9粒花粉萌发;12 h时,为59.9粒;而24和48 h时,则分别降为47.1和35.7粒.此外,在授粉后8、10、12和15 d时,分别在49.1%、40.8%、39.7%和38.5%子房内观察到正常发育的胚胎,最终杂交结实率为44.8%,而母本自然开放结实率为52.3%.研究表明,授粉前其多数母本雌蕊发育良好、授粉后多数花粉能在柱头正常萌发和花粉管正常生长,在受精后大部分胚胎发育正常是野菊与栽培菊种间杂交较高结实率的重要保证,而授粉前父本较低的花粉活力对杂交结实率影响不大.     

黄山贡菊的挥发油成分

The volatile oil in flowers of Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat) Tzvel. cv. Gongju was extracted with steam distillation, the constituents and contents of volatile oil were analyzed by means of GC-MS-DS techniques. The result shows that the principle constituents of the volatile oil are bicyclo[3.1. 1]hept-2-en-4-ol, 2,6,6-trimethyl-, acetate (39.64%); benzene, 1-( 1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyl-,2-heptene (5.24%);n-hexadecanoic acid (4.77%); cis-lanceol (4.73%) ; acetic acid,1,7, 7-trimethyl-bicyclo [2.2.1] hept-2-yl-ester (3.95%); (-) spathulenol (3.38%) ; 2, 4, 6-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde(3.22%) ; caryophyllene oxide (2.88%) ; 1,2,3,4, 5,6,7,8-octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-,azulene (2. 80%); 3-(1, 5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-6-methylene, cyclohexaene (2. 50%); decahydro-1, 4a-dimethyl-7-( 1-methylidene)-,1-naphthalenol(2.39%);1,1,2-trimethyl-3,5-bis(1-methylethenyl)-,cyclohexane(2.23% ), etc.     

5个菊花品种自交结实特性及减数分裂行为与花粉育性研究

对rm1-1、rm1-3、02-42-6、rm1-4和rm48-2等5个菊花品种3年自交结实率及花粉母细胞的减数分裂行为和花粉活力进行了研究.结果显示:(1)rm1-1、rm1-3和02-42-6属自交结实品种,结实性主要来源筒状小花;rm1-4和rm48-2为自交不结实品种.(2)在减数分裂过程中,rm1-1、rm1-3和02-42-6中期Ⅰ每个花粉母细胞(PMC)平均染色体配对构型分别为0.93Ⅰ+23.64Ⅱ+0.85Ⅲ+0.64Ⅳ、0.92Ⅰ+ 24.40Ⅱ+ 0.78Ⅲ+0.51Ⅳ和0.45Ⅰ+ 25.04Ⅱ+0.36Ⅲ+0.55Ⅳ;rm1-4和rm48-2每个PMC平均染色体配对构型分别为0.53Ⅰ+25.25Ⅱ+0.84Ⅲ+0.16Ⅳ和1.39Ⅰ+24.87Ⅱ+0.42Ⅲ+0.40Ⅳ;后期和末期5个品种花粉母细胞均出现不同频率的染色体桥、落后染色体、微核等异常现象,但大部分花粉母细胞均能正常发育.(3)5个品种花粉萌发率为8.1%～28.9%,其中rm1-1最低,rm1-4最高.结果表明,减数分裂过程和花粉育性与自交结实率没有必然关系.     

Density, dispersal, and feeding impact of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on flowering chrysanthemum at different spatial scales

Abstract.  1. This study evaluated the effect of dispersal on the density and feeding impact of a phytophagous insect in relation to the spatial distribution of its host plants.
2. The interaction between density, dispersal, and feeding impact of western flower thrips on flowering chrysanthemum was quantified at three spatial scales, with infested and uninfested plants either isolated in 0.25 m² individual cages, or enclosed together in 2.25 m² communal cages or 75 m² greenhouses.
3. In individual cages, the rate of dispersal from chrysanthemum plants to blue sticky traps increased with the density of thrips for females but not males. Uninfested plants consistently had fewer thrips when they were individually caged rather than enclosed with plants infested with adults, indicating that dispersal mediates inter-plant distribution of thrips.
4. The feeding impact of thrips on inflorescences was evaluated using the absorbance of ethanol extracts at wavelengths characteristic of yellow carotenoid pigments associated with chrysanthemum inflorescences (415, 445, and 472 nm). Increasing absorbance of extracts with increasing density of thrips per inflorescence suggests that feeding by thrips results in ruptured cells leaching carotenoid pigments.
5. In communal cages, the distribution of thrips was uniform for infested and uninfested plants, whereas the density and feeding impact of thrips in greenhouses were higher for infested than uninfested plants. These results suggest that short-range dispersal by adults homogenises the density and feeding impact of thrips among host plants only on a small spatial scale.     

Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated induction of apparently untransformed roots and callus in chrysanthemum

The agropine type Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain LBA9402 induced callus and roots on stems of greenhouse grown plants and on leaf disks of in vitro grown plantlets of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvel.). In this callus and roots no opines were detected, nor were any of the other features of the hairy root syndrome observed. Experiments aimed to identify the nature of the tumour-like growth revealed that induction was correlated with the presence of the TR-DNA on the Ri-plasmid. Root induction was probably the result of auxin synthesis following transient expression of iaaM and iaaH genes, present on the TR-DNA. The chrysanthemum cultivar used, cv. Parliament, showed a high auxin sensitivity compared to tobacco. Analysis of early transformation events using the GUSintron reporter gene revealed that low efficiency gene transfer and transient gene expression took place, but most probably without stable integration of the T-DNA in the plant genome. The results presented here stress the fact that callus formation or root induction as measures for transformation efficiency should be used with caution.     

菊花病虫害综合防治研究

系统调查鉴定了菊花病毒病、霜霉病、叶斑病、叶面害虫、蚜虫天敌种类及其流行规律,研究了组培脱毒苗、地膜覆盖移栽、与高秆作物套作、摘顶稍、利用昆虫天敌及化学防治等综合治理效果.测定了农药残留量.结果表明,菊花组培苗脱毒率在60%左右,脱毒苗增产50%以上,叶枯病、霜霉病病叶率下降28%～30%,虫口密度下降40%,在收菊花前1个月使用拟菊酯杀虫剂,农药残留量低于允许值,不会对菊花和环境造成污染.