Mechanisms of embryonic drift in the amphidromous goby,Rhinogobius brunneus

Synopsis We tested the reactions of free embryos of the amphidromous goby, Rhinogobius brunneus, to light under both artificial and ambient conditions along streams in which their downstream migration occurs. The embryos showed a positive phototaxis to 500 1ux light but a negative response to light of more than 5000 lux. They were able to swim at 1.54 cm sec^–1 t in still water and showed positive rheotaxis, but their swimming ability was not sufficient to allow active movement in rapids. Ambient natural light conditions varied among locations in relation to local topographical features. The variation in the diel periodicity of their migration could be explained by the interaction between behavioral reactions of embryos and environmental factors along river courses.     

Coordinate transformations for eye and arm movements in the brain

Recent work on the coding of spatial information in the brain has significantly advanced our knowledge of sensory to motor transformations on several fronts. The encoding of information referenced to the retina (eye-centered) but modulated by eye position, called a gain field representation, has proved to be very common throughout parietal and occipital cortex. The use of an eye-centered representation as a working memory of spatial location is problematic if the eyes move during the memory period. Details regarding the manner in which the brain solves this problem are beginning to emerge. Finally, the discovery of eye-centered representations of ongoing or intended arm movements has changed the way we think about the order of operations in the sensory to motor coordinate transformation.     

浙江丽水生态示范区植物的分布特点

1999年底被国务院批准设立为全国第4个生态示范区的丽水市（包括莲都区,缙云县,云和县,松阳县,遂昌县,庆元县,青田县,龙泉市和景宁畲族自治县）,由于地形复杂,原生,次生林等保存较好,生态环境保持良好,植物资源极为丰富。笔者根据多年来对该地区的资源调查和标本采集统计,已知有维管束植物206科,94属,2881种,其中蕨类植物的种类和数量在中国东半部仅次于台湾和海南,尤其是鳞毛蕨属和复叶耳蕨属可以认为是在我国的一个分布中心,种子植物的种类和数量与邻近周边地相比也占有明显优势,区内珍衡濒危植物众多,区系起源古老,不乏古老的种,属及残遗种,且区系成分复杂,来源于多种地理成分。     

基于四象限模型的生态系统服务与人类活动强度关联性分析--以皖南国际旅游文化示范区为例

运用空间热点分析定量分析了生态系统服务在不同尺度上的空间分异特征,基于四象限模型对生态质量进行评价,并采用地理探测器探讨影响其空间分异的主要驱动因素。结果表明:(1)生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Value,ESV)存在显著的空间异质性,分布格局呈现空间自相关性,冷热点分布具有明显尺度效应。(2)示范区人类活动强度与ESV耦合程度基本协调一致,生态质量总体状况较好。人类活动强度与ESV耦合程度因研究尺度不同而存在一定差异。(3)各探测因子的解释力在县域和乡镇尺度上存在显著差异,社会经济驱动因素在县域尺度上解释力大于乡镇尺度。各驱动因子之间存在明显的协同增强效应,双因子交互作用增强了对ESV空间分异的解释力。     

Restoring the banks of the Namoi on 'Kilmarnock': Success arising from persistence

Summary   This is the story of one landholder's 20-year effort to restore riparian vegetation to 35 km of the Namoi River in inland New South Wales, Australia. Decades of clearing, grazing and weed invasion had degraded the river to the extent that the banks were slumping during floods, with loss of old trees. Methods of willow control and revegetation are described to help guide landholders with similar problems and offer potential solutions. Most of the banks involved in the project are now stabilized by native trees, shrubs and grasses; wildlife is increasing; and water quality is improving. A small local Landcare group started in the early 1990s, and is now undertaking similar work on seven other properties. A state government initiative has also been developed in the area, and a 120-km Demonstration Reach has now been established on the Namoi River between Narrabri and Boggabri.     

The acquisition of stone-tool use in captive chimpanzees

In order to investigate the acquisition of stone-tool use to crack nuts, experiments were conducted with five captive chimpanzees, employing combinations of trial-and-error, and three types of observation learning of varied difficulty. Two adults and one sub-adult succeeded in acquiring this behavior in the tests where tool use was demonstrated by the experimenter, or by a successful chimpanzee. Analysis of their behavior patterns showed the adults' and sub-adult's process to success to be divided into three stages; these can be characterized as trial-and-error, understanding of the method, and learning the technique, respectively. A factor for distinguishing success from failure is whether or not a subject observes demonstrations with interest in the behavior itself. This interest, in turn, depends on the intensity of the desire for nuts. When released, the successful chimpanzees practiced the same behavior in a group of chimpanzees, and the behavior newly diffused to an infant. Unlike the adults, the infant did not go through the staged process but reached the solution through goal-directed trial-and-error.     

基于MSPA模型的新型城市热景观连通性分析

基于土地利用景观格局对城市热岛效应的影响研究较多,但准确识别对城市热岛效应具有重要影响的关键斑块和节点方面的研究亟待开展。以新型中小城市株洲云龙示范区为例,以城市热岛网络构建为切入点,应用形态学空间格局分析(Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis, MSPA)与景观连通性模型识别城市发展进程中核心热景观斑块和关键节点,并分析其时空演变特征。研究结果表明：(1)2007—2018年云龙示范区热岛斑块趋于集中,热岛面积较研究初期有明显增加,从地表温度空间分布上体现为城区与周边农村的温度对比更加鲜明,表明城市化进程中建设用地呈聚集扩散趋势。(2)研究期间热岛核心区占热景观面积比最大,且比例有明显上升趋势。而边缘、支线、孤岛、桥接、环线以及孔隙形态类型面积占比均呈现出不同程度的下降趋势,表明热岛斑块之间聚集程度不断提高。(3)识别出景观连通度重要性值较高的前20热景观斑块,其中前3斑块的重要性值和面积占比较大,属于极重要与重要两个热岛核心斑块重要性等级,值得重点关注与优化。(4)对重要性值高的热岛核心区域可优先采取降温措施,可以打断节点之间连接减缓整个区域...     

快速城镇化过程中的城市蔓延与生态保护冲突空间识别与量化评估——以长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区为例

如何解决社会经济发展与生态环境保护之间的矛盾是实现区域和城市可持续发展的首要问题,表现在空间上就是城市无序蔓延与生态环境保护用地的冲突,本质上是建成区与非建成区的生态系统之间的冲突。以长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区为例,基于自然环境因子和社会经济因子构建城市蔓延风险空间量化评估模型,得到城市蔓延风险空间分布并提取城市蔓延严重风险区;利用生态侵蚀度指数识别评估生态保护压力空间并提取生态保护压力高值区。根据城市蔓延严重风险区与生态保护压力高值区的重合空间,对城市无序蔓延与生态保护的冲突程度进行分析,进而探讨快速城镇化发展过程中二者的协调关系,为城市国土空间规划与区域生态保护决策提供科技支撑。长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区案例研究结果表明:(1)城市蔓延的严重风险区与生态保护压力高值区的重合面积达到583.83km~2;其中较高风险区与侵蚀度高的地区重合面积为311.73km~2,冲突度为53.39%;高风险区与侵蚀度高的地区重合面积为47.70 km~2,冲突度为8.17%。(2)示范区内各类生态系统中,耕地生态系统受城市蔓延冲突程度均为最高,其在较高和高风险区的占比分别为91.58%、8...     

基于水-陆耦合生态系统服务的生态安全格局构建研究——以长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区为例

快速城市化和国土空间规划大背景下,评估区域生态系统服务、构建生态安全格局是实现城市精细化发展的有效手段。本研究立足生态系统服务供给效能,以长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区为例,从陆域、水域两个层面进行量化计算,构建水-陆耦合生态系统服务综合评价体系,将高供给区域识别为生态源地,并基于MCR模型和电路理论分别提取廊道和节点,构建区域生态安全格局。研究结果表明：1）分别识别陆域和水域生境斑块面积34.31km²、272.50km²,为江南水乡空间存续和城市绿地空间选址提供了理论依据;2）水-陆耦合度评价得到源地41个,总面积206.79km²,占研究区总面积8.57%,呈现"西北多东南少"的格局;3）提取89条生态廊道和91个生态节点,生态廊道总长度586.35km,呈均匀网状分布,节点包括44个夹点及47个障碍点,主要位于吴江区。通过区域生态安全格局的构建与优先级评价,分级提出国土空间生态保护与修复建议,为我国其他快速城市化地区及都市圈周边区域的国土空间合理布局、土地利用的转化与管理提供参考。