植物生长季退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO2释放特征

对中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO2释放的全天候连续观测结果表明,退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO2的释放有明显的日变化和季节动态,日最大释放速率出现于12：00-14：00,最小释放速率出现于6：00-8：00;植物生长季的最大振幅为462.49mg·m^-2·h^-1（8月18日）,最小振幅为114.97mg·m^-2·h^-1（5月9日）,CO2释放速率白天大于夜晚。不同物候期CO2释放速率亦不同,草盛期>枯黄期>青期。最大日均值为480.76mg·m^-2·h^-1（8月18日）,最小日均值为140.77mg·m^-2·h^-1（5月9日）。释放速率与气温、地表温度及土壤5cm地温均呈显著或极显著相关关系,表明温度是决定CO2释放速率季节变化的首要因素。     

Biochemical Studies on 5''-Nucleotidase of Schwann Cells in Degenerated Nerve

This report describes the partial characterization of 5'-nucleotidase (5'-AMPase) in Schwann-cell plasmalemmae (PM) prepared from degenerated cat sciatic nerve. 5'-AMPase was enriched 3.7-fold in the PM fraction over that of the crude homogenate preparation. The plant lectin concanavalin-A (Con-A) reduced Schwann cell PM 5'-AMPase activity in a concentration-dependent manner (30-600 micrograms/ml). Plasma membrane 5'-AMPase activity was maximally inhibited to 20% of control values by Con-A (400-600 micrograms/ml), and activity returned to control levels by pretreatment with the hapten sugar alpha-methyl-D-mannoside (50 mM). Equimolar concentrations of UDP and ADP (100 microM) reduced the rate of hydrolysis of labeled AMP to labeled adenosine in PM to 45% and 35% of control, respectively. This is the first study to characterize a Schwann-cell PM enzyme and demonstrates that 5'-AMPase may be used as a Schwann-cell PM marker enzyme.     

退化羊草草原在浅耕翻处理后植物群落演替动态研究

 在中国科学院生态中心草原站利用统计方法研究了退化羊草（Leymus chinensis）草原浅耕翻后群落演替规律。通过对18年数据的分析,结果表明：由于过度放牧而退化的羊草草原在浅耕翻处理后群落密度恢复较快,尤其是羊草与处理前相比已有很大变化,从而使群落得到了恢复。群落植物种的多样性、均匀性指数在这18年中均呈抛物线状分布。羊草、冰草（Agropyron michnoi）、变蒿（Artemisia commutata）、黄蒿（A．scoparia）、星毛委陵菜（Ｐotentilla　acaulia）的生物量与多样性指数和均匀性指数有显著的相关性。羊草的相对密度在第五年达到最高水平,然后逐渐下降,自第十五年后羊草的相对密度基本趋于平衡,其重要值呈单峰型曲线。退化羊草草原18年恢复过程可划分为4个阶段：第一阶段（1～3年）为根茎禾草+一、二年生杂类草群落,第二阶段（4～9年）为纯羊草群落 ,第三阶段（10～13年）为羊草+冰草+多年生杂类草过度型群落,第四阶段（14～18年）为羊草+冰草+丛生禾草、多年生杂类草群落。经过处理后18年的恢复演替,退化群落仍未恢复到原生群落,演替将继续进行。     

Electron microscopic study of terminal degeneration in the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus of the cat

Summary The ultrastructure and synaptic organization of the anterodorsal nucleus (AD) of the thalamus were investigated under normal and experimental conditions. The large glomeruli are composed of an extensive central dendrite, probably arising from a projecting neuron, and of various terminal boutons. Besides the typical small bouton (RS) filled with round vesicles, two specializations of the large bouton (RL) containing round vesicles are found. The larger one (RL₁) is characterized by a looser arrangement of synaptic vesicles and many mitochondria; it undergoes dark degeneration following unilateral lesions of the mamillary body in both AD. The intermediate type (RL₂) is distinguished by a denser arrangement of vesicles; it undergoes dark degeneration following lesions of the midline nuclei of the thalamus. The two types of terminal boutons (F₁ and F₂) which contain flattened or pleomorphic vesicles do not degenerate following lesions of the mamillary body and midline nuclei; they belong to Golgi type II interneurons.     

Degenerated boutons in the fundus striati (nucleus accumbens septi) after lesion of the parafascicular nucleus in the cat

Summary An attempt has been made to reveal which of the nine different types of synapses in the fundus striati, discriminated in a previous study, degenerate following experimental lesions in the parafasciculo-center median complex of the cat. Two types of synaptic contacts were found to be degenerated two days after the lesion was performed: (1) the axo-spinous type IV, characterized by densely-packed, small, round vesicles and a strong asymmetric thickening, and, (2) the axo-dendritic or axo-somatic type VII, again characterized by small, round vesicles in a dense accumulation and an asymmetric thickening. After two days of survival the original characteristics of the boutons could still be recognized in both types of synapses.A positive correlation exists between the location and extent of the coagulation foci in the parafascicular nucleus and the appearance of degenerated boutons in the fundus striati. Therefore, the conclusion that the parafasciculofundus neurons terminate as type IV or type VII boutons is entirely justified. Additionally, the role of the special types of boutons in the synaptic organization of the fundus striati has beeen discussed.Dr. J. W. Chung on leave of absence from the Department of Anatomy, Catholic Medical College, Seoul, KoreaHerrn Professor Dr. Drs. h. c. Wolfgang Bargmann zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet     

Effect of predator density dependent dispersal of prey on stability of a predator-prey system

This work presents a predator-prey Lotka-Volterra model in a two patch environment. The model is a set of four ordinary differential equations that govern the prey and predator population densities on each patch. Predators disperse with constant migration rates, while prey dispersal is predator density-dependent. When the predator density is large, the dispersal of prey is more likely to occur. We assume that prey and predator dispersal is faster than the local predator-prey interaction on each patch. Thus, we take advantage of two time scales in order to reduce the complete model to a system of two equations governing the total prey and predator densities. The stability analysis of the aggregated model shows that a unique strictly positive equilibrium exists. This equilibrium may be stable or unstable. A Hopf bifurcation may occur, leading the equilibrium to be a centre. If the two patches are similar, the predator density dependent dispersal of prey has a stabilizing effect on the predator-prey system.     

The age of Calluna stands moderates post‐fire regeneration rate and trends in northern Calluna heathlands

Questions: Does stand age influence the direction and rate of post‐fire successional dynamics in coastal Calluna heaths and can old degraded heath vegetation be restored through reintroduction of fire? Location: Coastal heaths in the Tarva archipelago, central Norway. Methods: We investigated revegetation dynamics after experimental fires set in young (8 years since last fire) and old (>50 years since last fire) grazed heath stands. A repeated measures design was used, with floristic data recorded in permanent plots in the post‐fire successions (n=12) over a 7‐year period. The data were analysed using multivariate ordination techniques (PCA, RDA and PRC) and mixed effects models. Results: The age of Calluna stands strongly influenced post‐fire succession, different trends due to age explained 10.4% of variation in floristic data. Young heath showed faster succession towards pre‐fire community composition than old heath, and this could partially be explained by succession‐related factors: young heath had lower cover of mosses and lichens in the pre‐burned vegetation, and lower cover of litter early in succession. Young heath had a less pronounced overall community response to fire than old heath. Vegetative regeneration of C. vulgaris was absent in both old and young heath, but Calluna still re‐established as the dominant species within 5–7 years in both young and old stands. Regeneration dynamics were also affected by habitat conditions, different trends due to habitat explained 6% of variation. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that old stands do develop characteristic heathland vegetation and structure after fire, and while potential invasives into the system such as trees and rhizomatous species are present, they do not impair Calluna regeneration or vegetation development towards the target heathland community composition and structure. Further, as our young stands are only in their second fire rotation after restoration, we suggest that characteristic dynamics of managed heathlands can re‐establish relatively rapidly, even in severely degenerated sites (>50 years since last fire). Site‐specific factors also need to be considered. We conclude that there is restoration potential in old heaths, despite slow dynamics in the first rotation.     

植物生长季退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO2释放特征

对中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO₂释放的全天候连续观测结果表明,退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO₂的释放有明显的日变化和季节动态,日最大释放速率出现于12:00～14:00,最小释放速率出现于6:00～8:00;植物生长季的最大振幅为462.49mg·m^-2·h^-1(8月18日),最小振幅为114.97mg·m^-2·h^-1(5月9日),CO₂释放速率白天大于夜晚.不同物候期CO₂释放速率亦不同,草盛期>枯黄期>返青期.最大日均值为480.76mg·m^-2·h^-1(8月18日),最小日均值为140.77mg·m^-2·h^-1(5月9日).释放速率与气温、地表温度及土壤5cm地温均呈显著或极显著相关关系,表明温度是决定CO₂释放速率季节变化的首要因素.     

大葱卵器及受精后助细胞的超微结构

章丘大葱（Ａllium fistulosum L.cv.Zhangqiu)的卵器由１个卵细胞及２个助细胞组成,观察到不少卵器没有卵细胞,只有２个助细胞。卵细胞的核及大部分细胞质位于细胞的合点端,１个大液泡占据了细胞其他部位。卵细胞含有很多的核糖体及多聚核糖体、嵴明显的线粒体、粗面内质网、高尔基体具小泡,卵细胞似是一个活跃的细胞。细胞外被细胞壁,其合点端及侧方与助细胞共同壁不连续,助细胞有一较大的核,位于细胞膨大的部位,众多的小液泡遍布细胞中。核糖体及聚合核糖体、线粒体,粗面内质网及风心圆环状粗面内质丰富,高尔基体及小泡常见,反映了其活跃的代谢作用。助细胞合点端及侧方与卵细胞、中央细胞的共同壁不连续,与卵细胞共同壁含胞间连丝,壁不连续处,有不状多层膜结构伸入卵细胞质,显示助细胞可能对卵细胞提供营养,伟粉后,一个助细胞退化,宿存助细胞至随胚胚期尚存在,它经历了一个缓慢的退化过程,出现质壁分离,细胞质变稀,液泡扩大,细胞器逐渐减少,在椭形胚期,宿存助细胞核内的染色质及核仁消失,有细胞质侵入核内,因宿存助细胞壁变厚,细胞质出现现脂滴,宿存助细胞可能仍有合成功能,宿存助细胞壁出现若干无壁部位,细胞内的营养物质可能通过无壁部位向胚乳转运,供游离核胚乳及胚乳细胞化初期的发育。     

内蒙古草原退化群落恢复演替的研究I. 退化草原的基本特征与恢复演替动力

 本项研究自1983年起在锡林河中游对放牧退化的冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)占优势的草原群落变型进行封育恢复实验与长期监测。每年在植物生长季以15天为间隔进行取样测定,即每年测定9期,每期做10或20个1m×1m的样方。测定项目包括：群落中各植物种群的地上现存生物量、密度、高度、花(果)枝数等。还采用改进的样方方差法监测植物种群空间分布格局的动态。并同时在保护良好的羊草+大针茅(Leymus chinensis+Stipa grandis)群落中进行测定取得完全对应的数据,作为对照系列。以上两种群落的土壤水分与养分动态的长期监测由本站土壤组承担。根据连续十二年监测数据的分析,对退化草原群落的性质与特征提出以下的认识,并对退化草原恢复演替的驱动因素进行厂探讨。1．草原退化演替阶段是与一定强度的放牧压力保持平衡而相对稳定的群落变形,退化阶段取决于牧压强度与持续的年代。2．当群落退化到冷蒿为主要优势种的阶段时,与原生群落的种类组成相比,只发生一定的数量消长变化,对群落的物种丰富度影响不大。3．退化群落植物种群空间格局的均匀性较高,随着恢复演替的进展,因一些种群斑块增大而使空间不均匀性增强。4．退化群落与其原生群落的种—生物量关系呈对数正态模式,其演替过渡阶段成为分割线段模式,也反映出群落资源分配格局与群落空间格局的关系。5．退化草原的显著特征是植被生产力下降,冷蒿群落的生物量下降到原生群落的30％～40％,家畜嗜食的植物种减少50％～70％总生产力不足原生群落的30％。6．退化群落在自然封育条件下能够迅速恢复的原因,可归结为植物在削除放牧干扰后的种群拓殖能力与群落资源(水分,矿质养分等)的剩余。群落资源条件是种群拓殖的物质基础,从而成为恢复演替的动力。