The double bind of DACA: exploring the legal violence of liminal status for undocumented youth

This qualitative study explores how undocumented immigrant youth navigate the uncertainty of an ambiguous, or liminal, legal status. By focusing on the case of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), I build on the concept of liminal legality to advance our understanding of how transitioning from “illegal” to quasi-legal shapes social inclusion. Using a modified grounded theory approach, I analyse data from in-depth interviews with 39 DACA recipients in the state of South Carolina. A constant comparative approach is used while completing open and focused coding, and multiple steps are taken to support the trustworthiness of the study. I show how liminal legality presents a double bind for youth because DACA communicates two different and contradictory messages simultaneously. I argue that this is a form of legal violence: beneficiaries are given the hope of social inclusion without the possibility of fully attaining it.     

Inter-strain variability in aldehyde oxidase activity in the mouse

Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a cytosolic enzyme expressed predominantly in the liver. AO is involved in the metabolism of many xenobiotics of pharmacological and toxicological importance including antivirals (famciclovir), antimalarials (quinine) and anticancer drugs (5-fluoro-2-pyrimidine and methotrexate). The aim of this study was to characterize AO activity in different strains of mice using two different substrates. AO activity in the cytosolic fraction was characterized using the metabolism of N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide (DACA), a novel antitumor drug, to form DACA-9(10H)-acridone (quantified by HPLC with fluorescence detection) and benzaldehyde to form benzoic acid (quantified spectrophotometrically). Characterization of mouse AO activity with DACA showed 15-fold variation in K(m), 10-fold variation in apparent V(max) and twofold differences in intrinsic clearance. Nude mice and C129/C57 had the highest intrinsic clearance (0.66 and 0.l53 ml/min per mg protein, respectively). Nude mice cleared DACA faster than nude tumor bearing mice by a factor of 2. Male Swiss CD had higher intrinsic clearance than female Swiss CD (0.36 and 0.28 ml/min per mg protein). A similar pattern of enzyme activity was observed with benzaldehyde; however, the extent of variation was less than that found with DACA. In conclusion, our results show that there are both strain and gender differences in AO activity. These differences are better detected by DACA. Furthermore, these results suggest caution when extrapolating the data obtained from mouse AO studies to humans.     

Beyond multiculturalism: interculturalism,diversity and urban governance

This review article discusses the volume by Giovanna Marconi and Elena Ostanel, eds. The Intercultural City: Migration, Minorities and the Management of Diversity, I.B. Tauris, 2016, in the larger context of studies on inclusion of migrants in cities. It evaluates the merits of interculturalism argument presented by the editors and contributing authors as it is applied to the migrants’ and refugees’ needs and demands from the city and public at large, and the transformation of identities of public spaces challenging assumptions of cultural uniformity at the national level. The issue of the viability of equitable and normatively justifiable governance of difference above and beyond multiculturalism is a very important one, especially so in an era where Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals and expulsions of the Dreamers from the American cities have become part of our daily reality.