The structure of 180° supernumerary limbs and a hypothesis of their formation

The results of a detailed analysis of 100 supernumerary limbs generated by 180° ipsilateral rotation (on the same limb stump) of regeneration blastemas is presented. The limbs were analyzed in terms of their position of origin, frequency, cartilage structure by Victoria blue staining, and muscle structure by serial sections. Single, double, or triple supernumeraries can be produced at no unique position of origin, although the posterodorsal quadrant was preferred. Four classes of supernumerary limbs were generated by such operations—normal; double dorsal or double ventral; part normal/part mirror imaged; part normal/part inverted in approximately equal frequencies. After amputation of these supernumeraries the same muscle patterns are faithfully regenerated. A hypothesis to explain the production of these abnormal limbs is proposed based on the observed phenomenon of fusion of supernumerary blastemata, but their regenerative behaviour presents problems for current models of pattern formation. Similar results have been obtained with developing limb buds and the relation between development and regeneration is discussed.     

Inheritance and linkage relationships of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase isoenzymes in apple

Summary Four zones of enzymatic activity for glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) were found in apple tissue. A dimeric gene, GOT-1, determining the fastest migrating zone, was identified. Six alleles were found, including a near null allelle which produced detectable heterodimeric bands but not homodimeric bands. A marked deficit or absence of certain geno-types in all backcrosses and in some crosses between unrelated varieties was attributed to the close linkage (r=0.02±0.005) of GOT-1 with the incompatibility S locus. GOT-1 was also closely linked with the isocitrate dehydrogenase locus IDH-1 (0.03±0.01). Proposed incompatibility genotypes for four cultivars, and the linked GOT-1 alleles are Cox: S ₁ b/S ₂ d, Idared: S ₃ a/S ₄ c, Fiesta: S ₃ a/S ₂ d and Kent: S ₃ a/S ₁ b.The results reported in this paper are part of a PhD Thesis by the first author     

Silver ions inhibit the ethylene-stimulated production of ripening-related mRNAs in tomato

Abstract. Silver ions effectively inhibited both the initiation and the continuation of tomato ( Lyeopersicon esculentum Mill) ripening. Studies of protein synthesis in vivo showed that application of 2 mol m⁻³ silver thiosulphate to mature green fruit prevented the appearance of several novel proteins associated with ripening, including the softening enzyme polygalacturonase. However, total protein synthesis, as judged by the incorporation of [³⁵S] methionine into proteins, continued unabated after silver treatment. Ripening was also arrested when silver was supplied after ripening had begun. The accumulation of several ripening-related mRNAs, including that for polygalacturonase, was studied by translation in vitro and using cDNA clones as hybridization probes. Silver was shown to prevent the appearance of polygalaturonase mRNA when supplied to mature green fruit and to cause a rapid reduction in the concentration of mRNA for polygalacturonase and other ripening-related proteins when supplied after ripening had begun. It is proposed that silver exerts its effects due to interaction with the ethylene perception mechanism. The results suggest that perception of ethylene is vital not only for the initiation of ripening but also for the continued expression of genes required for ripening.     

Linkage analysis for 18 enzyme loci in Pinus rigida Mill.

Summary Estimates of recombination frequency among enzyme loci of pitch pine revealed two new linkages, Mdh3:Pgm2 (=0.01) and Pep1:Mdh4 (=0.38), and confirmed two previously established linkages. Tighter linkage (=0.30) was ruled out for nearly all gene pairs examined. In general, the Bayesian approach used in this study to test for linkage performed better than alternative methods.This work was supported by the School of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, and by McIntyre-Stennis, project no. 142-C385     

The effect of vitamin A on limb regeneration in Rana temporaria

Previous experiments in which vitamin A has been administered to developing or regenerating limbs have shown that different limb axes are affected. In regenerating axolotl limbs, serial reduplications in the proximodistal axis are produced. In the developing chick limb bud, mirror-imaged reduplications in the anteroposterior axis are produced. Results reported here on Rana temporaria limb buds reveal that vitamin A causes both effects to occur. That is, limbs are both serially reduplicated in the proximodistal axis and mirror imaged in the anteroposterior axis. Time and concentration effects are explored and the significance of these results for our current understanding of axial organisation in limbs is discussed.     

欧洲的栗子业

欧洲的栗树栽培和利用历史悠久,其特产的欧洲栗,是当地重要的干果和硬木一源。意大利是欧洲栗子生产和加工的主要国家。西文概述了欧洲栗的分布、生产和科研,指出由于墨水 病和栗疫病的为害导臻欧洲栗产量急剧下降,有一些地区种质流失严重。     

四川桤柏混交林生物量的研究

 对四川省盐亭县桤柏混交林单株干重、平均净生产量、林分生物量和生产力动态的系统研究表明：桤木和柏木不同器官生物量随年龄积累变异显著,积累最多的是树干,其它器官积累较少。桤木各器官平均净生产量在2～12年上升,在12～14年左右达到峰值,随后下降,其生物量结构和垂直分布也程相同的趋势,表明桤木在16年以后已成熟,主伐年龄可定在18～20年间。柏木叶积累量的增长在幼龄期有“超前现象”。其各器官平均净生产量在2～18年内增长呈“J”型曲线．生物量结构和垂直分布仍处于剧烈分化期。在我国人工混交林中,桤柏混交林的生物量和生产力都比较高。     

对林檎分类学地位的研究

林檎与花红在新梢、花、果方面均有较大的差别,其树干及大枝上有寄生瘤状突起。中国绵苹果的酶谱差异较大,林檎与花红的酶谱最接近,主酶带均为三条,其中有两条Rf值分别为0.53、0.56的主酶带相同;林檎比花红多出一条Rf值为0.80的弱酶带。结果表明,林檎为花红的一个变种。     

Genetics of leucine aminopeptidase in apple

Summary Six zones of LAP activity were detected in apples, some of them tissue specific. Genetic studies in four of them revealed the presence of four genes LAP-1, LAP-2, LAP-3 and LAP-4 with 4, 5, 4 and 4 alleles respectively including two null alleles. There were no big differences in allelic frequency within cultivars, selections, rootstocks and Malus species. Close linkage was found between LAP-2 and resistance to mildew derived from White Angel.