四川桤柏混交林生物量的研究

 对四川省盐亭县桤柏混交林单株干重、平均净生产量、林分生物量和生产力动态的系统研究表明：桤木和柏木不同器官生物量随年龄积累变异显著,积累最多的是树干,其它器官积累较少。桤木各器官平均净生产量在2～12年上升,在12～14年左右达到峰值,随后下降,其生物量结构和垂直分布也程相同的趋势,表明桤木在16年以后已成熟,主伐年龄可定在18～20年间。柏木叶积累量的增长在幼龄期有“超前现象”。其各器官平均净生产量在2～18年内增长呈“J”型曲线．生物量结构和垂直分布仍处于剧烈分化期。在我国人工混交林中,桤柏混交林的生物量和生产力都比较高。     

Radial growth of the Sahara’s oldest trees : Cupressus dupreziana A. Camus

The radial growth of Duprez’ cypress (Cupressus dupreziana A. Camus), a tree endemic to the Tassili n’Ajjer in the Central Sahara, was measured from cores taken in 1967 and 1997 from the same trees. A comparison of these cores, spanning 30 years, reveals that even in this hyper-arid climate, this species has a juvenile vigour comparable to other Mediterranean Cupressaceae. Wide individual variability was found, however, which was induced by the strong influence of microhabitat factors. Traditional dendrochronological methods of cross-dating are impossible to apply in the case of these trees. Ages of eight individuals were estimated with the help of radiocarbon dating, yielding an age range from 600 to 2400 years for trees of the most usual girths.     

西藏东南部柏木属群落类型及物种多样性

西藏东南部柏木属植物群落是青藏高原天然林资源的重要组分,在维持高原生物多样性与生态安全方面作用显著.为明确其群落类型及物种多样性,本研究通过在米林县、朗县和波密县设置典型样地和划分群落类型,分析了不同群落物种组成、物种多样性指数及建群种径级结构.结果表明: 柏木属植物群落可划分为4个群落类型:西藏柏木-柳叶忍冬+绒毛山梅花-凤尾蕨+紫马唐群落(群落Ⅰ)、巨柏-圆锥山蚂蝗+砂生槐-线形草沙蚕+芸香草+固沙草群落(群落Ⅱ)、巨柏-甘肃野丁香-杂配藜+固沙草群落(群落Ⅲ)、巨柏-小蓝雪花-藏沙蒿+固沙草+蒺藜群落(群落Ⅳ).各群落Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数及种间相遇机率指数均表现为:群落Ⅰ＞群落Ⅱ＞群落Ⅲ＞群落Ⅳ.4个群落的建群种幼龄级个体多而中老龄级少,植株由幼龄级向中龄级过渡阶段死亡率较高,柏木属植物种群呈衰退趋势.     

Cytological basis for a tetraspory in Cupressus sempervirens L. megagametogenesis and its implications in genetic studies

 The processes of megasporogenesis and early megagametogenesis were cytologically investigated in Cupressus sempervirens L. in order to elucidate, at the cellular level, the origin of the megagametophyte. After pollination, sporogenous tissue developed in the chalazal region of the nucellus, but only one megaspore mother cell differentiated and divided meiotically without cell-wall formation. This led to the development of a cell with four nuclei which directly functioned as a megaspore. The C. sempervirens megagametophyte is thus tetrasporic, in contrast to the majority of conifers where the megagametophyte is monosporic. The consequenses of this observation are discussed from a genetics point of view. Received: 15 August 1997 / Accepted: 19 September 1997     

Hydration, sporoderm breaking and germination of Cupressus arizonica pollen

I n vitro and in vivo rehydration and germination in Cupressus arizonica pollen were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Shed pollen has 12.6% water content, which reduced to 8.2% after dispersal, and this latter pollen survived for some months at room temperature and for years at −10 °C. Rehydration requires breaking of the sporoderm walls and depends on the composition and pH of the rehydration medium. Acidity restrains the breakage, while alkalinity promotes it. Pollen division follows exine shedding and requires the persistence of the mucilaginous layer; hence, pH values countering these outcomes prevent division. Division results in a large and a small cell separated by a callosic wall. A pollen tube develops from the innermost intine of the large cell, which is callosic, and extends into the mucilaginous middle intine. The percentage germination never exceeded 17% in all tested media. In vivo , pollen rehydrates and casts off the exine in the micropylar drop. Drop withdrawal brings pollen to the apical nucellar cells that degenerate in the meantime, and it leaves a deposit on the surface of the micropylar canal. After contaction of the nucellar cells, the pollen flattens and its mucilaginous layer shrinks and disappears. This occurs simultaneously with sealing of the micropylar canal. During this time, pollen divides asymmetrically without the callosic wall, and the larger cell develops a tube in the interface with the nucellus. Only some pollen grains accomplish adhesion to the nucellus and germinate. The in vitro and in vivo developmental stages are discussed.     

Antimicrobial activity of certain essential oils against hindgut symbionts of the drywood termite Kalotermes flavicollis Fabr. and prevalent fungi on termite-infested wood

Abstract:  When the kalotermitid Kalotermes flavicollis Fabr. pseudergates exposed to Casuarina wood wafers treated separately with different concentrations (5, 15 and 30  μ l/2 g wood wafer) of the essential oils, their spirochaete and flagellate populations abnormally reduced in numbers and vigour. The lophomonadids Joenia sp. and Mesojoenia sp. were the most adversely affected flagellates followed by the polymastigid Foaina sp. and the trichomonadid Tricercomitus sp. The Taxodium distichum essential oil evidently appeared to have the greatest adverse effect on the flagellates (95–100% decline in numbers within 2–4 days) followed by the Eucalyptus citriodora (89–100%) and the Cupressus sempervirens oils (31–100%). While with the hindgut spirochaetes, the adverse effect seemed to be reversed where the E. citriodora essential oil had the greatest effect (54–100%) followed by C. sempervirens (46–100%) and T. distichum (8–100%) oils. Moreover, the essential oils were assayed for their antifungal activity, at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 50  μ l/1 ml acetone/15 ml Czapek-Dox medium, against isolates of four woodrotting fungi associated with Casuarina timber, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp. and Mucor sp. by a method based on inhibition of the fungus growth on agar plates. E. citriodora exhibited the most potent fungicidal activity against the tested four fungi, followed by T. distichum oil. While the C. sempervirens essential oil appeared to have the least significant antifungal property.     

Oviposition Sites of the Cypress Seed Bug <Emphasis Type="Italic">Orsillus maculatus</Emphasis> and Response of the Egg Parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Telenomus</Emphasis> gr. <Emphasis Type="Italic">Floridanus</Emphasis>

Phytophagous insects have many strategies to escape parasitoids, for example by hiding eggs into plant tissues, but oviposition in holes made by another insect is rather scarce. The cypress seed bug Orsillus maculatus Fieber (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) is strictly dependent on the availability of cones of Cupressus sempervirens L. to oviposit. Females lay eggs either in exit holes cut through the cone scale by emerging adults of the cypress seed chalcid, Megastigmus wachtli Seitner (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), or on the inner side of scales of partly open cones. A recently discovered egg parasitoid belonging to the genus Telenomus has been shown to attack bug eggs in both oviposition sites. In this paper we investigated the parasitoid performance according to oviposition sites. Field samplings were conducted in two evergreen cypress orchards located in the south of France. The distribution and condition of the egg patches were compared between the two locations and oviposition sites. Seed bugs preferred to oviposit in emergence holes of M. wachtli, and parasitoid performance was higher in eggs laid on cone scales. The chalcid emergence holes seemed to ensure bug eggs with enemy-free space. Oviposition site selection could be an adaptive strategy to escape parasitoid attack.     

汶川大地震灾后不同滑坡体上柏木体内非结构性碳水化合物的特性

"5.12"汶川大地震不仅直接摧毁森林17.3万hm2,还通过对土壤和林内生境的剧烈改变对现存森林造成潜在威胁。以地震重灾区北川的主要分布树种柏木为研究对象,在2009年6月初(夏初)和10月初(秋季)两个时期,对不同类型柏木林的叶、枝、根可溶性糖和淀粉含量进行测定分析,旨在认识震后初期柏木对逆境胁迫的生理响应,为研究大地震对植物体内碳水化合物的影响和对逆境的适应性提供科学依据。结果表明:地震对柏木体内碳水化合物的含量有较大影响,总体表现为严重滑坡类型具有较高的可溶性糖含量,较低的根系淀粉含量。夏初严重滑坡类型柏木叶、枝、根可溶性糖含量分别为(11.44±1.08)%、(4.64±0.42)%、(5.48±0.51)%。就不同器官而言,可溶性糖含量叶>根>枝,淀粉含量叶>枝>根;夏初碳水化合物含量均高于秋季,且仅叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量在不同季节存在显著性差异(P<0.05),说明柏木叶片对地震反应最为敏感。地震带来的灾害如山体滑坡等对植物的生理活动产生巨大影响,不利于林木生长。     

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antiviral activities of the essential oils of seven Lebanon species

The chemical composition of the essential oils of Laurus nobilis, Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus, Thuja orientalis, Cupressus sempervirens ssp. pyramidalis, Pistacia palaestina, Salvia officinalis, and Satureja thymbra was determined by GC/MS analysis. Essential oils have been evaluated for their inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV and HSV-1 replication in vitro by visually scoring of the virus-induced cytopathogenic effect post-infection. L. nobilis oil exerted an interesting activity against SARS-CoV with an IC(50) value of 120 microg/ml and a selectivity index (SI) of 4.16. This oil was characterized by the presence of beta-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, alpha-pinene, and beta-pinene as the main constituents. J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus oil, in which alpha-pinene and beta-myrcene were the major constituents, revealed antiviral activity against HSV-1 with an IC(50) value of 200 microg/ml and a SI of 5.     

川中人工纯柏林凋落物分解动态研究

对柏木人工纯林的渊落物有机碳和一些营养元素的分解和释放过程的研究表明,柏木凋落物中有机碳和营养元素的矿化非常缓慢,凋落物有机碳的半减期是33周,氮素矿化半减期是433周,磷矿化半减期是10周,钾矿化半减期是24周,钙矿化半减期是86周,镁矿化半减期是12周。柏木早期生长缓慢、成林困难主要是受氮素不足的制约。在林分改造和营林中适当增加阔叶速生树种,改善凋落物性质．对促进凋落物分解和养分周转、改善土壤养分状况、提高柏木人工林的生态和经济效益是很必要的。