The molluscan genus Cominella (Gastropoda: Buccinidae) at the Three Kings Islands

Abstract

Three endemic taxa of Cominella Gray are recorded from the Three Kings Islands, New Zealand. Cominella (Josepha) regalis n.sp. and C. (Josepha) quoyana griseicalx n.ssp. occur sympatrically in relatively shallow water (to c.50m), whereas C. (Eucominia) mirabilis mirabilis Powell is known only from c.180m. The history of colonisation by these taxa is hypothesised and discussed.     

Use of day-degree estimates for rearing management of Ctenopseustis obliquana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the laboratory

Abstract

The brownheaded leafroller (BHLR), Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was reared on an artificial diet at seven constant temperatures. The mean life cycle at optimum rearing temperature of 20 ± 1°C was: egg development 8.7 days; larval period, M 37.4, F 41.2 days; pupal period, M 14.9, F 13.3 days; pupal weights, M 50.5, F 68.2 mg; and a fecundity of 670 eggs per female. Estimated lower threshold temperatures and mean cumulative number of day- degrees for various stages of development were 7.8°C and 105D° for eggs, 5.2°C and 538D° for larvae, and 7.2°C and 186D° for pupa. Total mean day-degree accumulation from egg to adult was 829D°.

These data were used to develop an efficient rearing management system embracing colony maintenance, storage, manipulation, production, and quality assessment procedures.     

Reduction in leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) abundance in orchards and vineyards 1976–2016, in Hawke's Bay,New Zealand

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Differentiation of the endemic New Zealand greenheaded and brownheaded leafroller moths by restriction fragment length variation in the ribosomal gene complex

This study identified markers in the ribosomal RNA gene complex (rDNA) and evaluated their utility in the differentiation of four endemic New Zealand species of leafroller moth, Planotortrix excessana (Walker), P. octo (Dugdale), Ctenopseustis herana (Felder and Rogenhofer) and C. obliquana (Walker). Pooled genomic DNA from laboratory-reared specimens of C. herana and C. obliquana could be distinguished with a single restriction enzyme (e.g. ClaI), while P. excessana and P. octo could be satisfactorily distinguished using double digestions with either ClaI/PvuII or ClaI/BglII. It is concluded mat these markers may be used to identify moths from wild populations.     

A practical rearing method for leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Abstract

A colony maintenance system is described. This method allowed development of neonate larvae through to the adult stage, to be completed in the container without changing the diet or handling of various stages. It reduced larval inoculation time by c. 85% (as compared with rearing larvae individually). This reduced overall rearing costs.     

DNA barcoding of the endemic New Zealand leafroller moth genera, Ctenopseustis and Planotortrix

Molecular techniques such as DNA barcoding have become popular in assisting species identification especially for cryptic species complexes. We have analysed data from a 468-bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from 200 specimens of 12 species of endemic New Zealand leafroller moths (Tortricidae) from the genera Planotortrix and Ctenopseustis to assess whether the DNA barcoding region can distinguish these species. Among the 200 sequences analysed, 72 haplotypes were recovered, with each genus forming a separate major clade. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic methods were used to test whether species fell into reciprocally monophyletic clades. The optimal phylogeny showed that four species within the genus Ctenopseustis (C. obliquana, C. herana, C. filicis and C. fraterna) and three within Planotortrix (P. octo, P. excessana and P. avicenniae) are polyphyletic. Shimodaira-Hasegawa tests rejected a null hypothesis of monophyly for the species C. obliquana, C. herana, P. octo and P. excessana. Comparisons of within and between species levels of sequence divergence for the same set of seven species showed cases where maximum levels of within-species divergence were greater than some levels of between-species divergence. DNA barcoding using this region of the COI gene is able to distinguish the two genera and some species within each genus; however, many species cannot be identified using this method. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons for this polyphyly, including incomplete lineage sorting, introgression, horizontal gene transfer and incorrect taxonomy.     

Evidence for single gene resistance in apple to brownheaded leafroller, Ctenopseustis obliquana, and implications for resistance to other New Zealand leafrollers

The survival and development rate of Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae, and weight of pupae were measured on detached mature leaves of two apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) progenies derived from the resistant (R) parent ‘Prima’ crossed with the susceptible (S) cultivars ‘Liberty’ (n = 44) and ‘Red Delicious’ (n = 35). The R:S ratio in both these modified backcross families did not differ significantly from the 1:1 expected in the case of monogenic resistance, carried in a heterozygous condition in the resistant parent. The survival to pupation on the individual seedlings was either zero/very low (R) or high (S). With all resistant seedlings being heterozygous, this indicates that the resistance allele shows complete dominance over the susceptible allele. We have named this putative gene Cob1. The expression of the resistance was found to be influenced by both the colony of C. obliquana used and the time of the season when resistance was assessed. In a separate experiment with another tortricid, there was no survival of Planotortrix octoDugdale larvae on the apple cultivar ‘Prima’ and high survival on the cultivars ‘Liberty’ and ‘Red Delicious’. The similarity of the responses of the two leafroller species to these cultivars, and other published evidence concerning Planotortrix excessana (Walker) and Ctenopseustis herana(Felder and Rogerhofer), suggest that the resistance discovered to C. obliquana may be effective against all four endemic tortricid species. The implications of these findings for apple breeding and leafroller control in New Zealand are discussed.     

Host preferences ofTrichogrammatoidea bactrae fumata (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) an egg parasitoid of leafrollers (Lep.: Tortricidae)

Trichogrammatoidea bactrae fumata Nagaraja is a naturally occurring egg parasitoid of some leafrollers in New Zealand kiwifruit orchards. The parasitoid showed a distinct preference for younger host-eggs ofEpiphyas postvittana, in which it achieved a higher rate of successful development. Such a preference is not as apparent withCtenopseustis obliquana. Host-species preference experiments found that the parasitoid rarely attackedPlanotortrix octo, and successful wasp emergence from parasitised eggs of this host was low.Epiphyas postvittana was the preferred host whenT. bactrae fumata was reared on this species. When reared onC. obliquana, the parasitoid showed no preference forE. postvittana orC. obliquana.     

Review of the genus Ctenopseustis Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with reinstatement of two species

Abstract

The genus Ctenopseustis Meyrick (Tortricinae: Archipini) is reviewed. The species C. fraterna Philpot, 1930 and C. servana Walker, 1863 are reinstated, and the concept of C. obliquana (Walker, 1863) is redefined. Synonymies are given for each species, and characteristics are described and illustrated.