三种淡水鱼类在中国南北两个地区的肠道菌群差异比较

山东省德州市禹城市和湖南省长沙市望城区分别属于我国北方和南方地区,环境和气候差异明显。本试验以禹城市和望城区两地的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)和鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)为研究对象,对肠道中的菌群进行16s rRNA V4高变区扩增,基于IonS5 TM XL测序平台进行测序,并对相关数据进行分析。结果表明,在门水平上鲫鱼、鲤鱼、草鱼的肠道优势菌主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)、硬壁菌门(Firmicutes),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),各组中这四种菌门所占比之和均在80%以上;基于Bray-Curtis距离值的秩次进行组间差异显著性检验,山东草鱼组和湖南草鱼组比较中组间差异大于组内差异(R=0.307,P<0.05),且线性判别分析显示湖南草鱼组的特征性菌群为弧菌属,而山东草鱼组的为梭菌纲,推测特征性菌群差异与环境的影响有关;有害菌种的统计分析表明,湖南鲫鱼组和鲤鱼组的嗜水气单胞菌属相对丰度明显高于对应的山东鲫鱼组和鲤鱼组,山东草鱼组和鲤鱼组的弧菌属相对丰度高于对应的湖南草鱼组和鲤鱼组,可能受外界环境的影响,不同地区抵御外来有害细菌的能力也不一样。本研究对两地的淡水鱼类肠道微生物群落结构进行了比较和分析,为进一步的鱼类发育研究奠定基础。     

草鱼CNBP的分子特征及其进化分析

从草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)肝肾cDNA文库中克隆到细胞核酸结合蛋白基因CNBP的完整开放阅读框序列.分析表明草鱼CNBP由163个氨基酸残基组成,含有7个保守CCHC型锌指结构、核定位信号区和RGG框,与其他鱼类的同源性很高.与人及其他脊椎动物的相比,草鱼细胞核酸结合蛋白在第3个锌指中的第5个氨基酸残基由Gly变成His,另外在第1锌指和第2锌指结构间,缺失6～14个氨基酸残基.虽然如此,适应性进化分析显示细胞核酸结合蛋白没有经历正达尔文选择(ω≤1),即这种结构的差异还不足以产生新的功能.这表明CNBP处于中性进化中.     

EPA plays multiple roles in regulating lipid accumulation of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella adipose tissue in vitro and in vivo

This study was conducted to assess the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3, EPA) on lipid accumulation in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella adipose tissue both in vitro and in vivo. EPA was observed to inhibit the adipocyte viability in a time and dose‐dependent manner. EPA was also found to induce reactive oxygen species accumulation in vitro. The mRNA levels of caspase 3a and caspase 3b, as well as the activity of Caspase 3 increased significantly in vitro and in vivo, whereas the value of B cell leukemia 2–Bcl‐2 associated X protein decreased significantly. Besides, the pro‐apoptotic effect was relieved by α‐tocopherol. Dietary 0.52% EPA had no apparent effect on intraperitoneal fat index. Moreover, EPA promoted the hydrolytic gene expressions in vitro and in vivo, including adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone sensitive lipase‐a. Meanwhile, the lipogenic gene expressions of liver X receptor α, sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1c and fatty‐acid synthase were down‐regulated by EPA in vitro and in vivo. However, EPA also acted to promote the marker gene expressions of adipogenesis, including peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and lipoprotein lipase in vitro and in vivo. Contents of EPA increased significantly in the treatment groups in vitro and in vivo. These results support that EPA affects multiple aspects of lipid metabolism, including hydrolysis, lipogenesis, adipogenesis and apoptosis. However, it barely functioned in decreasing the lipid accumulation of Ctenopharyngodon idella under the current culture conditions.     

Growth and energy budget in young grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella Val., fed plant and animal diets

Young grass carp held under laboratory conditions were fed either duckweed or tubificid worms. Food consumption ( C ), faecal production ( F ), excretion ( U ), metabolism ( R ) and growth ( G ) were estimated for fish fed both diets. Fish fed tubificid worms had higher growth rates than those fed duckweed, in terms of wet weight, dry matter, protein, lipid and energy. Fish fed duckweed consumed more wet and dry matter than did the fish fed tubificids, but rates of protein and lipid consumption were lower. The energy budget was estimated to be 100C = 9 F + 8 U + 61 R + 22 G for fish fed tubificids, and 100C = 35 F + 5 U + 51 R + 9 G for fish fed duckweed. Linear relationships existed between specific growth rate in wet weight and rate of food absorption (consumption minus faecal production) in dry matter, protein or energy. Food type did not have a significant effect on these relationships. It was concluded that differences in growth rate between grass carp fed different diets were mainly caused by differences in absorption rate.     

The bioenergetics of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.): the influence of body weight, ration and dietary composition on nitrogenous excretion

Nitrogenous excretion by grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), was measured in the form of ammonia and urea. Endogenous nitrogen excretion (ENE) was estimated as the daily rate of excretion by grass carp which had been starved for 2 days. ENE was scaled allometrically with body weight with weight exponents of 0.75 for ammonia, 0.63 for total nitrogen and 0.63 for the energy lost. The proportion of nitrogen attributable to urea was smaller than that attributable to ammonia and decreased from 25 to 12% as fish weight increased from 2 to over 10 g.
Linear relationships were found between daily rates of ammonia, total nitrogen and energy loss and daily rates of food intake. High carbohydrate and high lipid diets were not shown to have a protein-sparing action compared to a high protein diet. Differences in the amount of nitrogen excreted were explained by the differing nitrogen contents of the diets. Nitrogen budgets were erected and their implications discussed.     

Richness and diversity of helminth parasite communities in the common carp and in three more recently introduced carp species

It can be predicted that common carp Cyprinus carpio , as an introduced species, would harbour poor helminth infra-communities but that these would nevertheless be richer than those in three other species of carps introduced into Europe in recent decades. These predictions were tested by comparing the helminth infra-communities of common carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis reared under similar conditions in a fish farm. Data were presented on species richness of total helminth infra-communities, and on richness and diversity of gill, eye and intestinal infra-communities separately. These confirmed that common carp helminth infra-communities were poor and that they were no richer than those of the three other species of carp. This situation in the farm was considered to be representative of the situation in natural habitats in Europe. It is suggested that the poor infra-communities in common carp reflect the facts that their helminth communities are composed mainly of specialists, that they are not readily susceptible to invasion by specialists of other fish hosts and that, as introduced species, they have not had sufficient time to acquire many generalist helminths from native species of fish. The difference in time between the introduction of common carp into Europe centuries ago and the introduction of the other three species of carps decades ago is not sufficient to produce any significant differences in the richness and diversity of their helminth infra-communities.     

不同麻醉方法对降低草鱼捕捉应激的作用

正应激(Stress)指生物受到外源或内源刺激后内稳态改变而产生的一系列反应~[1]。在鱼类养殖中,各种操作对鱼产生的惊扰及环境变化均会导致鱼类应激~[2,3]。应激使鱼类代谢强度增加,免疫和生长性能下降~[4,5]。有关人类和哺乳动物的应激研究已积累了大量的资料,相比之下,鱼类应激方面     

The bioenergetics of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.): energy allocation at different planes of nutrition

Complete energy budgets were constructed for 19 grass carp, Ctenupharyngudon idella (Val.), held individually in a respirometer for a month. The fish were fed one of four diets or starved. Diets varying in the proportions of protein, lipid and carbohydrate were described as high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC) or high lipid (HL). A fourth diet (LM) was made from dried duckweed, Lemna spp., to provide a more natural diet. Fish were fed and faeces collected daily and oxygen consumption was measured continuously over the month that each experiment lasted. Excretion of ammonia and urea was measured on several days. The total energy lost via nitrogenous waste was calculated using an average daily ammonia quotient (AQ).
For growing fish between 50 and 61% of consumed energy was lost via respiration. Energetic losses via nitrogenous wastes were highest on the HP diet (4.7%) and lowest on the HC diet (3.1%). Faecal loss washigheston the HL diet (19.4%)and lowest on the HP diet (10.2%). Over a month of starvation, 32.5% of energy requirement was met by the respiration of protein and 3.2% of the total energy lost was via nitrogenous waste. Fish fed zero or sub-maintenance rations tended to respire lipid in preference to protein whereas fish fed super-maintenance rations accumulated lipid. Protein retention was proportionally highest on HP (48% of total energy retained as growth) and lowest on HC (32%) and HL (30%). This reflected the accumulation of lipid on both the high carbohydrate and high lipid diets. The partitioning of metabolizable energy (ME) was investigated and 0.45 (HL), 0.59 (HP) and 0-67 (HC) kJ ME.kJ^-1 retained were lost via respiration.     

草鱼幼鱼实用日粮中添加紫花苜蓿草粉效果评价

实验旨在评估苜蓿草粉作为草鱼饲料的潜在蛋白原料的可能性。360尾草鱼幼鱼[(8.72±0.34)g]分成6个实验组,每个实验组3个平行组,每组20尾鱼,养殖于250 L循环水族箱中。试验日粮1、2、3、4、5添加2.5%、5%、10%、15%和20%苜蓿草粉,分别占日粮总蛋白的1.75%、3.50%、7.0%、10.5%和14%。对照组日粮以大豆粕、花生粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕作为对照蛋白源。所有日粮为等蛋白质(粗蛋白28.5%)和等能量(15.92 mJ/kg)。实验期为56d,实验各组鱼在整个试验期间,没有出现死亡。2.5%和5%苜蓿草粉日粮组(试验日粮1、2)鱼较对照组鱼生长性能与饲料效益有所提高,10%组(试验日粮3)与对照组无显著性差异,但15%和20%日粮组(试验日粮4、5)鱼较对照组鱼显著性下降(P<0.05)。结果表明,苜蓿草粉在草鱼日粮中适宜添加量为7.8%,最多可以添加到10%。     

酪蛋白小肽对幼龄草鱼生长和饲料利用的影响

本实验为酪蛋白小肽在幼龄草鱼营养生理上的意义研究。 2 2 5尾 (3 76± 0 16g)草鱼分为 3组 ,每组 75尾鱼 ,每 2 5尾鱼饲于 0 2 5m3 的水族箱中 ,每组设 3个平行水族箱。对照组添加 0 5 %酪蛋白 ,试验组 1、2日粮中分别添加 0 5 %酶解酪蛋白 (80 %以上为小肽 ,平均链长 2 98) ,0 5 %酸解酪蛋白 (80 %以上为游离氨基酸 )。试验期 5 6d ,水温为 2 7 6± 3 1℃。结果表明 :添加 0 5 %酶解酪蛋白组草鱼相对生长率、蛋白效率比、饲料效率比和血浆中镁含量与小肽总量均显著高于添加 0 5 %酪蛋白组和10 5 %酸解酪蛋白组 (P <0 0 5 )。草鱼日粮中添加一定比例的小肽可提高饲料表观消化率和蛋白消化率 ,增加血液循环中生物活性肽的含量 ,减少肝胰脏和肠系膜脂肪储积 ,提高机体对日粮中氨基酸的利用率 ,从而增加体内氮沉积 ,提高生长速度。