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目前能进行国际贸易的鳄有12 种, 但它们只能被允许在某些国家和不同控制方式下的出口贸易。鳄类的人工饲养在世界上是一种新型产业, 它有二种饲养方式, 但都必须具备种群、食物、资金和技术四个基本要素。饲养技术的关键是对鳄生活习性的了解, 本文对几种鳄的栖息地和繁殖特点作了介绍。 相似文献
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Lee G. Miles Stacey L. Lance Sally R. Isberg Chris Moran Travis C. Glenn 《Conservation Genetics》2009,10(4):935-954
Microsatellite DNA loci have emerged as the dominant genetic tool for addressing questions associated with genetic diversity
in many wildlife species, including crocodilians. Despite their usefulness, their isolation and development can be costly,
as well as labour intensive, limiting their wider use in many crocodilian species. In this study, we investigate the cross-species
amplification success of 82 existing microsatellites previously isolated for the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) in 18 non-target crocodilian species; Alligator sinensis, Caiman crocodylus, Caiman latirostris, Caiman yacare, Melanosuchus niger, Paleosuchus palpebrosus, Crocodylus acutus, Mecistops cataphractus, Crocodylus intermedius, Crocodylus johnstoni, Crocodylus mindorensis, Crocodylus moreletii, Crocodylus niloticus, Crocodylus novaeguineae, Crocodylus palustis, Crocodylus rhombifer, Crocodylus siamensis, and Osteolaemus tetraspis. Our results show a high level of microsatellites cross-amplification making available polymorphic markers for a range of
crocodilian species previously lacking informative genetic markers. 相似文献
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Coprolites can preserve a wide range of biogenic components. Of all the coprolites known from the fossil record, hitherto only two are known to preserve vertebrate tooth impressions (i.e., those of chondrichthyans). Here, a coprolite, from a thick lag deposit that includes a mixture of late Cretaceous, early Paleocene, and Plio-Pleistocene taxa at Clapp Creek in Kingstree, Williamsburg County, South Carolina, USA, preserves bite marks most consistent with having been made by a gar, Lepisosteus sp. (Lepisosteidae, Actinopterygii). This is the first-known coprolite to preserve actinopterygian tooth/bite marks. Aborted coprophagy seems unlikely; an accidental or serendipitous strike more likely describes the origin of the score marks over the surface of the coprolite. This coprolite also preserves small paired striations interpreted as evidence of coprophagy by an unknown organism. 相似文献
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Merchant M Britton A 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology》2006,143(4):488-493
We employed a spectroscopic assay, based on the hemolysis of sheep red blood cells (SRBCs), to assess the innate immune function of saltwater and freshwater crocodiles in vitro. Incubation of serum from freshwater and saltwater crocodiles with SRBCs resulted in concentration-dependent increases in SRBC hemolysis. The hemolytic activity occurred rapidly, with detectable activity within 2 min and maximum activity at 20 min. These activities, in both crocodilian species, were heat sensitive, unaffected by 20 mM methylamine, and completely inhibited by low concentrations of EDTA, suggesting that the alternative serum complement cascade is responsible for the observed effects. The hemolytic activities of the sera were inhibited by other chelators of divalent metal ions, such as phosphate and citrate. The inhibition of SRBC hemolysis by EDTA could be completely restored by the addition of 10 mM Ca2+ or Mg2+, but not Ba2+, Cu2+ or Fe2+, indicating specificity for these metal ions. The serum complement activities of both crocodilians were temperature-dependent, with peak activities occurring at 25-30 degrees C and reduced activities below 25 degrees C and above 35 degrees C. 相似文献
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Merchant M Williams S Trosclair PL Elsey RM Mills K 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology》2007,148(4):921-925
Temperature probes were inserted into the stomachs of juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) maintained outdoors at ambient fluctuating temperatures. Internal body temperatures (Tb) were measured every 15 min for two days, and then the alligators were injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), pyrogen-free saline, or left untreated. Alligators injected intraperitoneally with LPS exhibited maximum Tbs 2.6 ± 1.1 °C and 3.5 ± 1.2 °C higher than untreated control animals on days one and two after treatment, respectively. Tbs for these animals fell to within control ranges by day three postinjection. Similarly, mean preferred body temperatures (MPBTs) were significantly higher for LPS-injected alligators on days one (4.2 ± 1.8 °C) and two (3.5 ± 1.6 °C) after treatment. Intraperitoneal injection of heat-killed Aeromonas hydrophila, a gram-negative bacterium known to infect crocodilians, resulted in a fever while injection of Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) did not elicit a febrile response. Injection of LPS in alligators maintained indoors in a constant temperature environment resulted in no increase in internal Tb. These results indicate that alligators did not exhibit a febrile response in the absence of a thermal gradient, and suggest that febrile responses observed are probably behavioral in nature. 相似文献
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A left maxilla fragment from the newly discovered Miocene vertebrate locality of Polastron (Gers, southwestern France) is described and referred to the longsnouted eusuchian crocodilian Gavialosuchus, which had never been reported from the Miocene of this area, in which crocodilian remains are scarce. On the basis of its mammal fauna, the locality is slightly older than Sansan. Although Gavialosuchus is usually found in marine beds, its occurrence in the fluviatile deposits of Polastron shows that it also inhabited rivers. 相似文献
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S. Pidcock L. E. Taplin G. C. Grigg 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1997,167(2):153-158
Major electrolytes and nitrogenous excretory products were analysed in the blood plasma, ureteral urine and cloacal urine
of juvenile Alligator mississippiensis and Crocodylus porosus in fresh and hypoosmotic salt water (206 mosmol · l−1). Both species coped well with saline water, showing little (Alligator) or no (Crocodylus) change in plasma composition. Comparisons of renal-cloacal function point to major differences in their osmoregulatory physiology.
The cloaca of C. porosus is a very active osmoregulatory organ in salt and fresh water, contributing to water conservation and NaCl excretion through
the lingual salt glands. In contrast, the cloaca of Alligator has little impact on the composition of excreted urine. It seems likely that A.␣mississippiensis is largely constrained to a renal response to osmotic and ionic stress while C. porosus is able to call on a more complex mix of renal response, post-renal modification of urine in the cloaca, and excretion of
excess NaCl through the salt glands. The results support the idea that there are deep-seated differences in the osmoregulatory
physiology of alligatorids and crocodylids (Eusuchia), an understanding of which should provide valuable insights into their
evolution and zoogeography.
Accepted: 7 September 1996 相似文献
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Mark Merchant Clint Kinney Paige Sanders 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part D, Genomics & proteomics》2009,4(4):300-304
Blood was collected from three juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) before, and again 24 h after, injection with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The leukocytes were collected from both samples, and the proteins were extracted. Each group of proteins was labeled with a different fluorescent dye and the differences in protein expression were analyzed by two dimensional differential in-gel expressions (2D-DIGE). The proteins which appeared to be increased or decreased by treatment with LPS were selected and analyzed by MALDI-TOF to determine mass and LC–MS/MS to acquire the partial protein sequences. The peptide sequences were compared to the NCBI protein sequence database to determine homology with other sequences from other species. Several proteins of interest appeared to be increased upon LPS stimulation. Proteins with homology to human transgelin-2, fish glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, amphibian α-enolase, alligator lactate dehydrogenase, fish ubiquitin-activating enzyme, and fungal β-tubulin were also increased after LPS injection. Proteins with homology to fish vimentin 4, murine heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3, and avian calreticulin were found to be decreased in response to LPS. In addition, five proteins, four of which were up-regulated (827, 560, 512, and 650%) and one that exhibited repressed expression (307%), did not show homology to any protein in the database, and thus may represent newly discovered proteins. We are using this biochemical approach to isolate and characterize alligator proteins with potential relevant immune function. 相似文献
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