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1.
Summary Two species of predatory beetles that locate their prey, Ips pini, by responding to its aggregation pheromone have different chiral preferences to ispdienol than does the herbivore. This suggests that chiral disparity may provide some escape for bark beetles from predation, and that geographic variation in herbivore communication systems may be partially due to predator — imposed selection pressures. These results also suggest ways in which the semiochemical and biological control of North America's most damaging group of forest insects can be improved. 相似文献
2.
Sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic (thioautotrophic) bacteria are now known to occur as endosymbionts in phylogenetically diverse
bivalve hosts found in a wide variety of marine environments. The evolutionary origins of these symbioses, however, have remained
obscure. Comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis was used to investigate whether thioautotrophic endosymbionts are monophyletic
or polyphyletic in origin and to assess whether phylogenetic relationships inferred among these symbionts reflect those inferred
among their hosts. 16S rRNA gene sequences determined for endosymbionts from nine newly examined bivalve species from three
families (Vesicomyidae, Lucinidae, and Solemyidae) were compared with previously published 16S rRNA sequences of thioautotrophic
symbionts and free-living bacteria. Distance and parsimony methods were used to infer phylogenetic relationships among these
bacteria. All newly examined symbionts fall within the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria, in clusters containing previously
examined symbiotic thioautotrophs. The closest free-living relatives of these symbionts are bacteria of the genus Thiomicrospira. Symbionts of the bivalve superfamily Lucinacea and the family Vesicomyidae each form distinct monophyletic lineages which
are strongly supported by bootstrap analysis, demonstrating that host phylogenies inferred from morphological and fossil evidence
are congruent with phylogenies inferred for their respective symbionts by molecular sequence analysis. The observed congruence
between host and symbiont phylogenies indicates shared evolutionary history of hosts and symbiont lineages and suggests an
ancient origin for these symbioses.
Correspondence to: D.L. Distel 相似文献
3.
Mercedes A. Ebbert 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》1991,45(4):971-988
Both the population and coevolutionary dynamics of hereditary male-lethal endosymbionts, found in a wide range of insect species, depend on host fitness and endosymbiont transmission rates. This paper reports on fitness effects and transmission rates in three lines of Drosophila willistoni infected with either male-lethal spiroplasmas or a spontaneous nonmale-lethal mutant. Overall fitness measures were reduced or unaffected by the infection; however, some infected females produced more offspring in early broods. Maternal transmission rates were high, but imperfect, and varied with a female's age, host line, and spiroplasma type. No evidence for paternal or horizontal transmission was found. If an altered temporal pattern of reproduction is not a factor in countering the loss of spiroplasma hosts through imperfect maternal transmission, persistence of this endoparasitism remains unexplained. Tolerance of the infection and ability to transmit bacteria varied with both host and spiroplasma line. Analysis of the interaction between the spontaneous nonmale-lethal mutant and its host suggests this symbiosis has undergone coevolution under laboratory culture. 相似文献
4.
Ramin Amirnovin 《Journal of molecular evolution》1997,44(5):473-476
A computer program was used to test Wong's coevolution theory of the genetic code. The codon correlations between the codons
of biosynthetically related amino acids in the universal genetic code and in randomly generated genetic codes were compared.
It was determined that many codon correlations are also present within random genetic codes and that among the random codes
there are always several which have many more correlations than that found in the universal code. Although the number of correlations
depends on the choice of biosynthetically related amino acids, the probability of choosing a random genetic code with the
same or greater number of codon correlations as the universal genetic code was found to vary from 0.1% to 34% (with respect
to a fairly complete listing of related amino acids). Thus, Wong's theory that the genetic code arose by coevolution with
the biosynthetic pathways of amino acids, based on codon correlations between biosynthetically related amino acids, is statistical
in nature.
Received: 8 August 1996 / Accepted: 26 December 1996 相似文献
5.
Summary We compared the DNA sequence of the yeas 2-μm plasmidcis-actingSTB andtrans-actingREP1 partition loci of laboratory haploid and industrial amphiploid strains. Several industrial strains had a uniqueSTB sequence (type 1) sharing only 70% homology with laboratorySTB (type 2). Type 1 plasmids had a REP1 protein with 6–10% amino acid substitutions when compared to REP1 of type 2 plasmids.
All 2-μm variants that shared a similarSTB consensus sequence exhibited a high degree ofREP1 nucleotide and amino acid sequence conservation. These observations suggest molecular coevolution oftrans-acting elements with cognate target DNA structure. Based on DNA sequencing and Southern hybridization analyses, we classified
2-μm variants into two main evolutionary lineages that differ atSTB as well asREP1 loci. The role of molecular coevolution in yeast intra- and interspecies plasmid evolution was discussed. 相似文献
6.
7.
Katherine E. Eisen Amy C. Wruck Monica A. Geber 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2020,74(8):1682-1698
Although the evolution and diversification of flowers is often attributed to pollinator-mediated selection, interactions between co-occurring plant species can alter patterns of selection mediated by pollinators and other agents. The extent to which both floral density and congeneric species richness affect patterns of net and pollinator-mediated selection on multiple co-occurring species in a community is unknown and is likely to depend on whether co-occurring plants experience competition or facilitation for reproduction. We conducted an observational study of selection on four species of Clarkia (Onagraceae) and tested for pollinator-mediated selection on two Clarkia species in communities differing in congeneric species richness and local floral density. When selection varied with community context, selection was generally stronger in communities with fewer species, where local conspecific floral density was higher, and where local heterospecific floral density was lower. These patterns suggest that intraspecific competition at high densities and interspecific competition at low densities may affect the evolution of floral traits. However, selection on floral traits was not pollinator mediated in Clarkia cylindrica or Clarkia xantiana, despite variation in pollinator visitation and the extent of pollen limitation across communities for C. cylindrica. As such, interactions between co-occurring species may alter patterns of selection mediated by abiotic agents of selection. 相似文献
8.
Devin M. Drown Mark F. Dybdahl Richard Gomulkiewicz 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2013,67(11):3290-3304
Theoretical studies have demonstrated that selection will favor increased migration when fitnesses vary both temporally and spatially, but it is far from clear how pervasive those theoretical conditions are in nature. Although consumer–resource interactions are omnipresent in nature and can generate spatial and temporal variation, it is unknown even in theory whether these dynamics favor the evolution of migration. We develop a mathematical model to address whether and how migration evolves when variability in fitness is determined at least in part by consumer–resource coevolutionary interactions. Our analyses show that such interactions can drive the evolution of migration in the resource, consumer, or both species and thus supplies a general explanation for the pervasiveness of migration. Over short time scales, we show the direction of change in migration rate is determined primarily by the state of local adaptation of the species involved: rates increase when a species is locally maladapted and decrease when locally adapted. Our results reveal that long‐term evolutionary trends in migration rates can differ dramatically depending on the strength or weakness of interspecific interactions and suggest an explanation for the evolutionary divergence of migration rates among interacting species. 相似文献
9.
The effect of intraspecific variation and heritability on community pattern and robustness 下载免费PDF全文
Intraspecific trait variation is widespread in nature, yet its effects on community dynamics are not well understood. Here we explore the consequences of intraspecific trait variation for coexistence in two‐ and multispecies competitive communities. For two species, the likelihood of coexistence is in general reduced by intraspecific variation, except when the species have almost equal trait means but different trait variances, such that one is a generalist and the other a specialist consumer. In multispecies communities, the only strong effect of non‐heritable intraspecific variation is to reduce expected species richness. However, when intraspecific variation is heritable, allowing for the possibility of trait evolution, communities are much more resilient against environmental disturbance and exhibit far more predictable trait patterns. Our results are robust to varying model parameters and relaxing model assumptions. 相似文献
10.
Although disease-resistance polymorphisms are common in natural plant populations, the mechanisms responsible for this variation are not well understood. Theoretical models predict that balancing selection can maintain polymorphism within a population if the fitness effects of a resistance allele vary from a net cost to a net benefit, depending upon the extent of pathogen damage. However, there have been a few attempts to determine how commonly this mechanism operates in natural plant-pathogen interactions. Ipomoea purpurea populations are often polymorphic for resistance and susceptibility alleles at a locus that influences resistance to the fungal pathogen, Coleosporium ipomoeae. We measured the fitness effects of resistance over three consecutive years at natural and manipulated levels of damage to characterize the type of selection acting on this locus. Costs of resistance varied in magnitude from undetectable to 15.5%, whereas benefits of resistance sometimes equaled, but never exceeded, these costs. In the absence of net benefits of resistance at natural or elevated levels of disease, we conclude that selection within individual populations of I. purpurea probably does not account completely for maintenance of this polymorphism. Rather, the persistence of this polymorphism is probably best explained by a combination of variable selection and meta-population processes. 相似文献