四川雉鹑的冬季夜栖地选择

四川雉鹑(Tetraophasis szechenyii)是中国特有物种,国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,对其冬季夜栖地选择的了解,有助于理解物种的生存策略,为物种保护提供参考。利用徒步跟踪和无线电遥测的方法,我们于2006年9月到2007年4月在四川省雅江县帕姆岭进行了野外研究。采用卡方检验、配对样本t检验和二元逻辑斯缔回归等方法对数据进行分析。结果发现:(1)四川雉鹑利用鳞皮冷杉(Abies squamata)和大果红杉(Larix potaninii var.macrocarpa)两种树夜栖,卡方检验分析发现四川雉鹑对这两树种没有明显的选择偏好(χ2=0.745,df=1,P=0.388);(2)夜栖树的胸径为(25.8±1.3)cm,夜栖枝条离地高度为(6.3±0.3)m,直径为(3.3±0.1)cm;(3)与对照样地相比,夜栖地生境一般靠近林缘,乔木的平均胸径大、林下盖度小、倒木数量多,夜栖树胸径大、最近乔木胸径大和最近乔木距离远;(4)逻辑斯缔回归分析表明:夜栖树第一枝距地面高为冬季四川雉鹑夜栖地选择的关键因子;倒木数量、平均乔木胸径、最近林缘距离为次关键因子,该模型对夜栖地的预测正确率为80.9%。冬季四川雉鹑选择夜栖地是安全、能量和地点转移三个因素综合作用的结果,在不同的环境下,同一物种对环境会有不同的适应策略。     

The status and conservation of Galliformes in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam

Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam form a diverse and important region for the order Galliformes with at least 21 species, comprising 10 pheasants, seven partridges, three quails and one francolin. Several are endemic to the region and several are considered globally threatened. Information was collated for each species on the Indochinese range, habitat use and conservation status. This information was used to determine gross patterns in conservation requirements, prioritised partly through the global importance of the Indochinese population. The galliform species at most immediate risk in Indochina is probably Green Peafowl, through heavy hunting exacerbated by increasing human access to former wildernesses. The endemic Edwards’s Pheasant also merits specific conservation attention. Other forest species occur widely throughout surviving habitat, which remains landscape-scale despite serious losses in recent decades. Non-forest species, notably three quails (none endemic) remain very poorly known and threat levels cannot be assessed. For galliform conservation in Indochina by far the most important action is turning the existing declared protected areas networks into functional reality conserving a multitude of landscapes, each of hundreds of square kilometres, across the region. Past assessments of threat level to Indochinese forest Galliformes have been alarmist: many species are persisting in heavily-hunted fragments of the 10–50 sq. km size class, where many other forest vertebrates have been extirpated.     

陇东黄土高原石鸡的分子系统地理结构

本文运用聚合链式反应和直接测序的方法测定陇东黄土高原 8个石鸡 (Alectorischukar)地理种群 78个样本的mtDNA控制区 4 91bp ,建立其分子系统地理结构。 78个样本共发现 2 4个变异位点 ,2 5种单倍型。 8个地理种群共享单倍型C1 ,6个种群共享单倍型C2 ,种群间有一定的基因交流。 8个地理种群的 2 5种单倍型在NJ树中相互混杂 ,没有形成独立的地理结构 ,但聚成两个分支。单倍型网络图显示 2 5种单倍型聚成两个星状的集群 ,分别以单倍型C1和C2为中心。这两个群间的遗传差异显著。陇东黄土高原石鸡的系统地理结构属于“系统发生连续 ,具有部分空间隔离”的地理格局。这种地理格局是更新世冰川、泥石流和人类活动共同作用的结果     

Incidence of ingested lead gunshot in wild grey partridges (Perdix perdix) from the UK

From 1947 to 1992, successive pathologists at The Game Conservancy Trust carried out 1,318 post-mortems on adult wild grey partridges found dead in the UK. During a study of chick food from 1968 to 1978 on the Sussex Downs, the gizzards of 29 wild chicks aged up to 6 weeks were also examined. This paper reports the incidence of lead gunshot ingestion in these two groups of birds. On the assumption that there is no temporal bias, the incidence of lead poisoning increased from 1947–1958 to 1963–1992. During 1963–1992, the incidence of lead gunshot ingestion was 4.5±1.0% in adults and 6.9±4.7% in chicks. The weights of individual lead shot in the chick gizzards showed a rapid rate of erosion, indicating a short retention time in the gizzard, as also reported for adult waterfowl and game birds. The incidence rates in grey partridge and waterfowl found dead can therefore be compared. From 1963 to 1992, the overall incidence of ingested lead gunshot in the grey partridge in the UK was 52% of that of waterfowl (Anatidae excluding mute swan), significantly lower.     

Phylogenetic position of the genus Tetraophasis (Aves, Galliformes, Phasianidae) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear sequences

The genus Tetraophasis is endemic to China and the systematic relationships of the genus in Phasianidae based solely on their morphology are not clear. The phylogenetic position of this genus and other genera in Phasianidae was investigated in this study using the mitochondrial genes cytochrome b (CYT B), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) and nuclear ovomucoid intron G (OVO-G). Maximum parsimony, Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses were employed. Comparison between the mitochondrial and nuclear findings suggested that our final combined data had higher resolving power than the separate data. Both separate data and combined data yielded a sister relationship between Tetraophasis and Lophophorus with strong support, which provided new evidence that pheasants and partridges were not monophyletic. In addition, our results indicated a basal position of Ithaginis, but the position of Perdix and Pucrasia were still unresolved. The result of this study provided a phylogenetic background for a revised classification of Galliformes.     

四川山鹧鸪的冬季生态研究

四川山鹧鸪调查在四川省马力县黄连山林区。冬季单只、成对活动。其数量在原始林为每平方公里２．７５只，人工杉木林和自然更新林为每新林为每平方公里０．７５只。主食草子、根等物，夜栖树上。冬季的主要天敌为猛禽。野外考察还发现沐川县为新的分布。     

石鸡繁殖期栖息地的特征

2005年4~7月,对甘肃西部(东阿尔金山地区和西祁连山地区)和东南部(西秦岭地区)的石鸡(Alectoris chukar)种群栖息地选择进行了调查。主成分分析表明,草本密度、地面异质性和草本盖度是栖息地选择的主要影响因子;方差分析表明,甘肃西部(东阿尔金山和西祁连山)的石鸡种群在海拔、坡度和小石块数目的选择上差异显著。甘肃西部和东南部的石鸡种群在栖息地选择上存在显著的地理变异,西秦岭种群选择海拔低、坡度大、坡位偏上、草本密度低和草本高度高的栖息地。栖息地选择差异可能是在不同的选择压力下,经过长期的隔离进化形成。     

笼养灰胸竹鸡的繁殖行为

于1999年3－7月对笼养条件下灰胸竹鸡的繁殖行为进行了观察。结果表明,笼养灰胸竹鸡仍保留求偶,交配和产卵等野外繁殖行为,但营巢,邻域,孵卵和育雏行为基本消失,求偶和交配于3出现,5月达到高峰,8月以后繁殖行为基本消失,本文还分析了笼养灰胸竹鸡繁殖期的觅食行为。     

以mtDNA细胞色素b基因探讨斑翅山鹑的分类地位

以线粒体DNA细胞色素b(mtDNA Cytb)基因作为分子标记,提取鸡形目雉科10个属18个样本的DNA,PCR扩增自动测序,获得序列长度828bp。将山鹑属中的斑翅山鹑(Perdix dauuricae)与其近缘属排序对比,分别以角叫鸭(Anhima cornuta)和海龟(Kachuga dhongoka)为外群,用邻接法、最大简约法和最小进化法构建分子系统发生树。邻接法构建的系统树显示斑翅山鹑与雉聚类,核苷酸序列差异值斑翅山鹑与环颈雉为15．2％,与石鸡为16．1％。分析认为在雉科中斑翅山鹑与雉类更接近,而与真正的鹑亲缘关系较远。同时以mtDNA分析鸟类系统发生时海龟更适合作为外群。以角叫鸭为外群加入西方松鸡(Tetrao urogallus)时,则斑翅山鹑的分类地位不能确定,这可能与鸡形目的适应辐射有关。     

棕胸竹鸡觅食行为的观察

对笼养条件下棕胸竹鸡（Bambusicola fytchii fytchii）每日的觅食节律的时间、频次、求偶取食行为和社群等级之间的关系进行了观察。结果表明：影响棕胸竹鸡觅食行为的主要因素是一天中它在地面上活动、静栖、游走及饮水等项行为所占时间的长短。影响求偶取食行为的主要因素是它在地面上活动的总时间和理羽、攻击及其它的求偶活动所占的时间多少。社群等级对棕胸竹鸡的觅食行为有一定的影响,但不甚显著。