叶甲亚科口器比较形态学研究(鞘翅目,叶甲科)

叶甲亚科成虫为植食性昆虫,是典型的咀嚼式口器.对叶甲亚科8属8种叶甲(Agrosteomela chinensis (Weise),Ambrostoma fortunei(Baly),Asiparopsis convexa (Weise),Chrysolina aurichalcea(Mannerheim),Chrysomela populi Linnaeus,Gonioctena tredecimmaculata(Jacoby),Parambrostoma mahesa(Hope),Paropsides soriculata(Swartz))的口器进行了比较形态学研究,并对其演化进行了讨论.     

叶甲亚科一新属及两新种记述（鞘翅目：叶甲科）

记述中国叶甲亚科1新属:玉龙叶甲属Yulongedon gen.nov.,包括2新种:靓玉龙叶甲Y.formosus sp.nov.,宝藏神玉龙叶甲Y.jambhalai sp.nov.。     

中国扁叶甲属地理分布格局研究(叶甲科,叶甲亚科)

本文运用GIS技术研究扁叶甲属Gastrolina在中国的地理分布格局。以采集地的行政单元转换地理坐标与动物地理区划图叠加后产生叶甲的地理分布图。结果显示此属主要分布在华中区、华北区、华南区、西南区、东北区。根据地理分布图及有关分析,认为华中区中部、华北区西北部是该属的丰富度中心和分布中心,华中区中部为中国扁叶甲多样性中心和分化中心。     

Chemical defences in leaf beetles and their larvae: The ecological, evolutionary and taxonomic significance

The chemical defences of the Chrysomelinae are reviewed. Defensive glandular secretions have evolved independently in larvae and adults, and faster than the morphology of the glands. Both characters are used in a phylogenetic study of the Chrysomelini, disclosing suprageneric affinities. First, a close relationship between the Chrysomelina and Phratora is proposed. Secondly, Leptinotarsa and Gonioctena are probably more closely related to the Chrysolinina than to the Chrysomelina and Phratora. The qualitative and quantitative composition of larval and adult secretions sometimes differs between geographically isolated populations of the same species, which are therefore probably genetically distinct. The host plant shows an influence which explains discrepancies between the current classification and the chemical nature of the secretions. Some beetles sequester secondary plant metabolites or use them as precursors for their own defences. The original biosynthetic pathway has been lost in these species. Other factors which could affect the chemical diversity of the secretions are discussed: random events such as neutral mutations and genetic drift, conditioning or adaptation of predators to specific defensive mixtures, and the diversity of potential predators. The latter could help to explain the divergence in the chemical nature of the larval and adult secretions. The volatile irritants produced by the larvae are well suited to repel small arthropods, such as ants, whereas poisons associated with aposematic coloration in the adults could be directed against small vertebrates, such as birds.     

Intra- and interspecific effects of larval secretions in some chrysomelids (Coleoptera)

The larval secretions of the Chrysomelinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) are generally considered to be chemical defense substances against predators and parasites. The experiments presented in this paper provide evidence that the range of activity of these larval secretions also extends to interactions between different conspecific developmental stages and between competing phytophagous species. Four chrysomeline species were tested: Gastrophysa viridula De Geer, Phaedon cochleariae (F.), Plagiodera versicolora (Laich.), and Phratora vitellinae (L.). In the latter species, we did not test the intraspecific effect of the natural larval secretion, but the activity of its purchasable main component, salicylaldehyde (synthetic larval secretion). In G. viridula, Ph. cochleariae, and Ph. vitellinae the (synthetic) larval secretions act as oviposition deterrents against conspecific females. An investigation of the persistence of the oviposition-deterring activity of the larval secretion in G. viridula revealed that the deterrent effect is lost after 20 to 26 hours. In each of the four tested species the (synthetic) larval secretion deters feeding of conspecific adults. Since P. versicolora and Ph. vitellinae may occur on the same host plant (e.g. the willow Salix fragilis L.), the interspecific effect of the larval secretion between competing phytophagous species was examined in these two willow leaf beetles. The larval secretions of both species and salicylaldehyde, respectively, act as interspecific repellent and feeding deterrent against adults of the other species.

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Zusammenfassung Die Sekrete der Larven der Chrysomelinae (Fam. Chrysomelidae) werden im allgemeinen als chemische Abwehrstoffe gegen Prädatoren und Parasiten betrachtet. Die hier dargestellten Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die Wirkung der Larvensekrete nicht nur auf die Feindabwehr begrenzt ist. Das Wirkungsspektrum umfaßt darüber hinaus auch Interaktionen zwischen verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien einer Art bzw. zwischen konkurrierenden phytophagen Arten. Folgende Chrysomelinenarten wurden untersucht: Gastrophysa viridula De Geer, Phaedon cochleariae (F.), Phratora vitellinae (L.) und Plagiodera versicolora (Laich.). Da das Larvensekret von Ph. vitellinae Salicylaldehyd als Hauptkomponente enthält, wurde hier-wenn nicht anders erwähnt-die Wirkung von synthetischem Salicylaldehyd getestet. Bei G. viridula, Ph. cochleariae und Ph. vitellinae wirkt das Larvensekret bzw. die authentische synthetische Substanz als hochwirksames Eiablage-Deterrens auf konspezifische Weibchen. Die eiablagehemmende Wirkung des Larvensekretes von P. versicolora wurde nicht getestet. Eine Untersuchung der Wirkungsdauer der eiblagehemmenden Aktivität des Larvensekretes von G. viridula ergab, daß die Hemmwirkung nach 20 bis 26 Stunden nicht mehr nachweisbar ist. Bei allen oben genannten vier Arten hemmt das. Larvensekret bzw. dessen authentische synthetische Substanz den Fraß von Adulten derselben Art. Diese fraßhemmende Aktivität ist bei G. viridula, Ph. cochleariae und Ph. vitellinae mindestens 18 Stunden wirksam. Das Larvensekret von P. versicolora zeigte bei 18-stündiger Versuchsdauer keine fraßhemmende Wirkung auf Adulte derselben Art; erst bei Reduktion der Versuchsdauer auf drei Stunden konnte hier eine signifikant fraßhemmende Wirkung nachgewiesen werden. P. versicolora und Ph. vitellinae können als Weidenblattkäfer an derselben Wirtspflanze auftreten. Deshalb wurde auch die interspezifische Wirkung der Larvensekrete dieser beiden Chrysomelinenarten geprüft. Das Larvensekret von Ph. vitellinae sowie auch dessen authentische synthetische Substanz (Salicylaldehyd) wirkt auf adulte P. versicolora als Repellent und Fraßhemmstoff. Ebenso wirkt umgekehrt das Larvensekret von P. versicolora abschreckend und fraßhemmend auf adulte Ph. vitellinae.

     

A comparison between allozyme data and phenotypic distances from defensive secretion in Oreina leaf-beetles (Chrysomelinae)

The genetic relationships between five Oreina species (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera) were studied. Of these species, four (O. bifrons, O. gloriosa, O. speciosa, O. variabilis) feed on Apiaceae and secrete mixtures of autogenous cardenolides from defensive glands, whilst the other (O. speciosissima) feeds on Asteraceae and is able both to produce cardenolides and to sequester pyrrolizidines N-oxides (PAs). A dendrogram based on the different mixtures of cardenolides produced by the different species agreed with these genetic relationships. In other words, cardenolide mixtures are good taxonomic markers, since the clustering method based on chemical defense produces a branching pattern similar to that based on genetic relationships.     

Taxonomic review of the genus Gonioctena Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae) in the Korean Peninsula

A taxonomic review of the genus Gonioctena in the Korean Peninsula is presented. Ten species belonging to three subgenera are recognized. Gonioctena jacobsoni (Ogloblin et Medvedev) and Gonioctnea kamiyai Kimoto are recorded for the first time in Korea. A key, illustrations of diagnostic characters, and the coloration patterns of Korean Gonioctena are provided.     

广西叶甲亚科昆虫种类记述(鞘翅目:叶甲科)

记述中国科学院动物研究所 1 998～ 2 0 0 0年对广西十万大山及大瑶山地区考察所采获叶甲亚科并该所标本馆馆藏叶甲亚科标本及文献记载 ,共 2 0属 35种 ,其中包括1中国新记录属 Pseudolina Jacoby、1新种 Gonioctena( Brachyphytodecta) oculata sp.nov.、2中国新记录种 Pseudolina indica Jacoby,Paropsides bouveri Chen。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

叶甲亚科部分种类COⅡ基因序列分析及系统发育初探

以线粒体COⅡ基因作为分子标记,对叶甲亚科4种昆虫进行序列测定,获得该基因585 bp的序列片段,并结合GenBank中的8种同源序列进行分析,结果表明:12种叶甲序列片段变异率为45.6%,碱基T、C、A、G的平均含量分别为37.5%、16.5%、35.3%和10.7%, A+T平均含量为72.8%,明显高于G+C含量(27.2%).密码子第3位点A+T含量高达86.7%.碱基替换主要发生在C←→T和A←→T之间,第3位点的替换频率显著高于前两个位点.以中华萝摩叶甲Chrysocus chinensis为外群构建的系统发育树显示,金叶甲属和角胫叶甲属关系较近,弗叶甲属和叶甲属关系较近,圆肩属形成一个单系,位于系统树的基部,它们之间的关系为(圆肩属+(弗叶甲属+叶甲属)+(金叶甲属+角胫叶甲属)).属内种间的关系反映出叶甲的食性专化现象与其在分类系统上的地位是密切相关的.     

The mesothoracic intercoxal perforation in Chrysomelinae and its evolutionary significance (Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

In the thorax of many beetles the posterior parts of the mesoventrite and anterior parts of the metaventrite are flexed inward to form mesocoxal cavities laterally and a transverse double-walled infolding medially. This study focuses on the structure of the median part of the infolding in Chrysomelinae (=Timarchini + Chrysomelini; 42 species studied). Whereas the infolding is intact in Timarchini and very few Chrysomelini, it is almost always perforated in Chrysomelini. The perforation connects the body cavity anterior and posterior to it. It is usually small or absent in wingless Chrysomelinae, but there are exceptions. The phylogenetic interpretation of the intercoxal perforation in the entire Cucujiformia is unclear: among Chrysomelidae, the perforation was found in a representative of Hispinae, but was absent in the cryptocephaline and criocerine species examined; among non-chrysomelid Cucujiformia the perforation was found in an anthribid, but was absent in the examined tenebrionid and erotylid species. From a functional perspective, the perforation likely reduces the movability of the intercoxal area. The origin of this perforation appears as an unusual type of evolutionary structural transformation where ± widely separated (but opposed) parts of the body wall belonging either to two external projections or to a single infolding (depending on the point of view) became attached to each other along their external surfaces, and then dissolved. As a result, the parts of the body cavity on both sides of the perforated walls came to communicate in a new place.