Genetic analysis and cross-resistance spectrum of a laboratory-selected chlorfenapyr resistant strain of two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae)

A laboratory susceptible strain of Tetranychus urticae was selected with chlorfenapyr resulting in a resistant strain. After 12 cycles of exposure, the resistance ratio (RR) calculated from the LC50s of susceptible and selected strain was 580. The resistant strain was screened with 16 currently used acaricides for cross-resistance. Cross-resistance was detected with amitraz (RR = 19.1), bifenthrin (RR = 1.3), bromopropylate (RR = 7.5), clofentezine (RR = 29.6) and dimethoate (RR = 17.6). No cross-resistance was detected with the new molecules acequinocyl, bifenazate and spirodiclofen. Mortality caused by chlorfenapyr in the F1 progeny from reciprocal crosses between both strains indicated that the mode of inheritance was incomplete recessive. Mortality in F2 progeny indicated that the resistance was under the control of more than one gene. Synergist experiments with S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), piperonylbutoxide (PBO) and diethylmaleate (DEM), which are inhibitors of esterases, monooxygenases and glutathion-S-transferases respectively, suggested a major role of esterases in the resistance to chlorfenapyr.     

溴虫腈对家蚕和桑树害虫的毒力比较

为了比较溴虫腈在家蚕Bombyx mori和桑树害虫间的选择性毒力,采用食下毒叶法测定了溴虫腈、二嗪磷、敌敌畏、辛硫磷和三唑磷5种杀虫剂对家蚕的毒性;用浸叶法测定了5种杀虫剂对桑尺蠖Phthonandria atrilineata Butler、桑螟Diaphania pyloalis Walker和桑毛虫Porthesia xanthocampa Dyer 的毒力;在桑园喷施溴虫腈检测了其在桑树上对家蚕的残留毒性期;通过食下毒叶法系统研究了溴虫腈对家蚕生长发育的影响。结果表明,二嗪磷、敌敌畏、辛硫磷和三唑磷72 h对家蚕的毒性倍数分别大于溴虫腈的15.5、93.3、154 .0和188.5倍;溴虫腈、三唑磷、辛硫磷和敌敌畏48 h相对于二嗪磷对桑尺蠖的毒力倍数分别是49.1、3.2、2.3和1.4倍,对桑螟的毒力倍数分别是79.4、3.6、2.4和1.8倍,对桑毛虫的毒力倍数分别为67.2、3.2、2.2和1.7倍;对桑树喷施100、50、25和12.5 mg/L 溴虫腈,桑叶的残留毒性期分别为3、0、0和0天;用溴虫腈100、50、25和12.5 mg/L 处理的桑叶饲喂家蚕后,存活幼虫的历期、眠蚕体重、熟蚕体重、全茧量、茧层量、蛹重和化蛹率与对照相比均无显著性差异。据此认为溴虫腈是适合防治桑园害虫又对家蚕较安全的药剂。     

Chlorfenapyr resistance in two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) from Australian cotton

The responses of Tetranychus urticae Koch from Australian cotton to chlorfenapyr has been monitored since the 1997–1998 growing season. Resistance was first detected in the 2001–2002 season and then increased quickly in both level and proportion of resistant strains detected. In response, the resistance management strategy for chlorfenapyr use in cotton was altered and now recommends a further restriction of use from two to one spray per season. There was no evidence of negative cross-resistance to the pyrethroid bifenthrin, but chlorfenapyr was associated with an undefined negative cross-resistance.     

A comparative study on the effects of selected pesticides on hemato-biochemistry and tissue histology of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the comparative effects of pesticides Chlorfenapyr, Dimethoate and Acetamiprid on the health of Cirrhinus mrigala under long term exposure. Eighty C. mrigala were divided in four equal groups; one control and three treated groups. The blood was collected from both control and treated groups at intervals of 10th, 20th and 30th days for hemato-biochemistry and histopathological alterations. The result indicates significant difference (P < 0.05) in RBCs, Hb, PCV and MCHC whereas elevation in WBCs and Platelets counts were recorded. In 10th day sampling, MCV value of Dimethoate and Acetamiprid treatment had no difference in comparison with the control group, however it is significantly increased (P < 0.05) in rest of sampling. The MCH value of exposed fish showed significant increased (P < 0.05) after 20th and 30th days for Chlorfenapyr and after 30th days for Acetamiprid exposure while insignificantly increased for rest of sampling. It was also found that these pesticides significantly decrease (p < 0.05) the T3 and T4 levels while increase in the TSH, cortical, ALP, AST, ALT and LDH levels in the serum of the treated fishes in contrast to control group. Similarly, histopathological analysis of gills and liver showed significant alterations in all the treated groups. Toxicity trends of these pesticides was ranked as Chlorfenapyr > Acetamiprid > Dimethoate. It is concluded that indiscriminate use of such pesticides poses a noxious threat to non-target organisms, harm the ecosystems and jeopardizes human health.