中国特有植物雪落樱桃潜在分布及其生态特征

为明确中国特有植物雪落樱桃(Cerasus xueluoensis)的潜在分布与居群生态特征,利用DIVA-GIS软件及其耦合的BIOCLIM模型,首次绘制了雪落樱桃适生区分布模拟图,并对影响其分布的主导气候因子进行了定性定量分析。结果表明,雪落樱桃当前潜在适生区主要分布在亚热带长江流域1 200 m以上高海拔山区,其中渝-鄂-湘三省交界的大巴山-巫山山脉可视为现代核心分布区,湘黔交界及湘南的南岭山脉可视为雪落樱桃潜在分布的南界,陕-豫-鄂交界山区的秦岭南麓可能是其潜在分布的北界。主成分分析(PCA)筛选的主导气候因子及其贡献率依次为:年降水量(bio12)最冷季降水量(bio19)最暖季降水量(bio18)最湿季降水量(bio16),累计频率曲线进一步确定其适宜范围分别为:993.00～1 870.22、500.00～680.00、430.00～669.16和500.00～680.00mm,表明降水是影响雪落樱桃当下分布格局的主导气候限制因子。Pearson相关性分析表明,雪落樱桃分布格局在区域尺度上受海拔、经、纬度影响;最小树分析和聚类分析表明,雪落樱桃7个野生居群可划分为中西部与东部两大分支;受试者工作特征曲线(ROC) AUC值达到0.751,满足模型预测精度的基本要求。这些有助于为雪落樱桃制定科学合理的资源保护与科学引种规划。     

Multiscale spatial genetic structure within and between populations of wild cherry trees in nuclear genotypes and chloroplast haplotypes

Spatial genetic structure (SGS) of plants mainly depends on the effective population size and gene dispersal. Maternally inherited loci are expected to have higher genetic differentiation between populations and more intensive SGS within populations than biparentally inherited loci because of smaller effective population sizes and fewer opportunities of gene dispersal in the maternally inherited loci. We investigated biparentally inherited nuclear genotypes and maternally inherited chloroplast haplotypes of microsatellites in 17 tree populations of three wild cherry species under different conditions of tree distribution and seed dispersal. As expected, interpopulation genetic differentiation was 6–9 times higher in chloroplast haplotypes than in nuclear genotypes. This difference indicated that pollen flow 4–7 times exceeded seed flow between populations. However, no difference between nuclear and chloroplast loci was detected in within‐population SGS intensity due to their substantial variation among the populations. The SGS intensity tended to increase as trees became more aggregated, suggesting that tree aggregation biased pollen and seed dispersal distances toward shorter. The loss of effective seed dispersers, Asian black bears, did not affect the SGS intensity probably because of mitigation of the bear loss by other vertebrate dispersers and too few tree generations after the bear loss to alter SGS. The findings suggest that SGS is more variable in smaller spatial scales due to various ecological factors in local populations.     

高黎贡山北段种子植物区系研究

高黎贡山北段种子植物种类十分丰富, 共记载野生种子植物172 科, 778 属, 2 514 种及302 变种( 亚种) , 是植物多样性最为丰富的地区之一。区系成分分析表明: 1) 本区种子植物区系的性质具有鲜明的温带性, 并深受热带植物区系的影响, 区系地理成分复杂、联系广泛; 2) 现代种子植物区系是在古南大陆热带亚洲植物区系的基础上, 由古南大陆成分及古北大陆成分在漫长的地质历史过程中融合发展而来, 许多源于印度- 马来、北温带( 特别是东亚) 的成分在此都产生了较为丰富的特有类群, 它们共同演变成今天的植物区系外貌; 3) 种子植物区系具有明显的水平和垂直替代现象, 间断现象也较为显著, 主要表现为滇西北- 滇东南间断分布或在此线西南侧连续分布; 4 ) 种子植物区系的特有现象十分丰富, 物种分化强烈, 新老兼备, 而以新生的进化成分为主, 由此表明高黎贡山北段在保存古老成分的同时, 又分化出许多新生成分, 它是一个孕育新特有现象的重要舞台。     

燕山山脉野生欧李群体叶表皮微形态特征研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对同一生境条件下自然生长的燕山山脉野生欧李实生群体（含嫁接类型）叶片表面微形态特征进行观测。结果表明：欧李叶表皮细胞形态存在两种类型,一类是上下表皮细胞向下凹陷相互连接形成蜂窝状,另一类是上下表皮细胞向上隆起近圆形,且上表皮细胞均具条纹状的角质层;叶片上表皮仅有表皮毛而无气孔分布,叶片下表皮仅有气孔分布;气孔突出于表皮细胞,属无规则型,气孔平均长度8.22±1.30 μm,宽度2.55±0.65 μm,大小21.64±8.60μm²,密度836.23±197.16 个/mm²;欧李群体中不同株系间、叶表皮细胞形态不同类别间气孔特征变异程度较大,可作为欧李优异种质选育和抗干旱胁迫研究的指标之一。     

内蒙古欧李果肉和果仁中营养成分分析

对内蒙古欧李果肉及果仁中营养成分进行研究,结果表明,欧李中维生素、矿物质、蛋白质等营养成分丰富,其中VC的质量分数为590.1 mg.kg-1,远远高于苹果、草莓、葡萄、柑橘、西红柿等水果的VC含量;矿物质元素Ca质量分数在果肉中达428.1 mg.kg-1,是其它水果Ca含量的2~10倍;果仁中达3.743 g.kg-1,其含量与杏仁中相当;蛋白质含量丰富,氨基酸种类齐全,必需氨基酸在果肉和果仁中所占比例达氨基酸总量的1/3以上,为以后的研究开发利用提供了理论依据。     

Cerasus campanulata var. wuyiensis,a New Variety of Rosaceae in Wuyi Mountain

Cerasus campanulata var. wuyiensis, a new variety of Cerasus campanulata (Rosaceae) in Wuyi Montain is described and illustrated. The new variety is related to C. campanulata, but differs in the young branches, petioles and pedicels spreading hairs, both pedicels and peduncles longer, and the sepals reverse-coiled conspicuously.     

樱桃属(Cerasus)植物根围微生物多样性

研究了樱桃属(Cerasus) 5种植物本溪山樱(Cs)、大青叶(Cp)、马哈利(Cm)、考特(Cap)、早红宝石(Ca)各主要生长期根围微生物数量、种群组成、Shannom-Wiener指数(H)、丰富度(S)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)、Simpson 优势度(D)和优势微生物种群变化动态.从樱桃根围共分离到细菌18属,优势菌属主要为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium);放线菌为链霉菌的12个类群,优势类群主要为白色类群(Albosporus)、吸水类群(Hygroscopicus)和黄色类群(Flavus);真菌6属,优势菌属为青霉属(Penicillium).樱桃根围微生物的多样性指数(H)、丰富度指数(S)、均匀度指数(J) 及优势度指数(D) 随樱桃种类不同而发生变化,细菌的多样性和丰富度指数为Ca＞Cs＞Cp＞Cm＞Cap,放线菌为Ca＞Cp＞Cs＞Cm＞Cap,真菌为Cm＞Ca＞Cp＞Cs＞Cap.各生长期根围微生物种类与数量发生变化,新梢迅速生长期Ca、Cs、Cp和Cm根围微生物种类与数量较多,新梢停长期Cap根围微生物种类与数量较多,落叶期5种樱桃属植物根围微生物种类与数量均较少.     

樱桃根际促生细菌

微生物肥料通过其中所含微生物的生命活动,产生有益于植物生长的物质,可使土壤中无效营养有效化,可将植物无法利用的土壤、有机肥中的物质分解为可供作物生长所利用的营养成分,这样不仅使有机肥的优势得以充分发挥,还能提高化肥的利用率,减少化肥使用量。接种微生物肥料,被普遍认为是一项环境友好、经济有效、提高农林产品产量和品质的技术措施。果树、蔬菜、中草药、苗木花卉等经济作物以及部分大田作物普遍存在严重的连作障碍问题,植物根系发育不良、土传病害加重等,利用化肥、农药等化学措施不能从根本上解决这些问题。研究与实践表明,利用植物根际促生细菌(Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria,PGPR)解决作物的连作障碍问题是一条行之有效的途径。本刊2012年第12期刊登了陈波、杜秉海等的文章"樱桃根际促生细菌的筛选与鉴定"[1]。作者从樱桃根际土壤中筛选具有良好应用潜力的细菌分离物。利用盆栽试验,验证其促生效果。对促生效果较好的细菌分离物,进行形态学观察、生理生化测定、16S rRNA基因序列及系统发育树分析以确定其分类地位。筛选出4株(AI5、AI21、PII17、PI7)具有良好应用潜力的细菌分离物,盆栽试验结果表明对樱桃生长有明显的促进作用。该研究对于开发樱桃专用PGPR制剂,促进樱桃根系发育和养分吸收,提高樱桃抗逆性等具有重要实践意义;同时为进一步研究相关菌株在樱桃根际定殖规律以及与樱桃的互作机制奠定了基础。在生物肥料的生产中具有广阔的应用前景。近年来该研究团队先后开展了利用GFP标记菌株,研究其在樱桃根际的定殖动态[2],菌株发酵条件优化[3]、吸附载体筛选及储存试验[4]、田间示范试验等[5-8]。发表相关论文6篇,获得职务发明专利授权2项、实用新型专利1项,获得农业部微生物肥料登记证1个,以该研究为主要内容的"经济林木新型生物肥料研究与开发"课题于2013年通过山东省科技厅组织的成果鉴定。但这并不意味着樱桃生物肥料开发成功。不同的环境条件,诸如气象、土壤性质或其他土著微生物活力等均会对细菌生长造成影响,成功的实验室试验并不一定在田间原位能成功,希望将来能针对不同作物筛选和培育高效优良微生物功能菌株,扩大菌种资源库,确定多菌株组合,改进复合菌剂生产工艺,尽早产业化。     

Genetic structure of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cerasus jamasakura</Emphasis>, a Japanese flowering cherry,revealed by nuclear SSRs: implications for conservation

The genetic resources of a particular species of flowering cherry, Cerasus jamasakura, have high conservation priority because of its cultural, ecological and economic value in Japan. Therefore, the genetic structures of 12 natural populations of C. jamasakura were assessed using ten nuclear SSR loci. The population differentiation was relatively low (F _ST, 0.043), reflecting long-distance dispersal of seeds by animals and historical human activities. However, a neighbor-joining tree derived from the acquired data, spatial analysis of molecular variance and STRUCTURE analysis revealed that the populations could be divided into two groups: one located on Kyusyu Island and one on Honshu Island. Genetic diversity parameters such as allelic richness and gene diversity were significantly lower in the Kyushu group than the Honshu group. Furthermore, STRUCTURE analysis revealed that the two lineages were admixed in the western part of Honshu Island. Thus, although the phylogeographical structure of the species and hybridization dynamics among related species need to be evaluated in detail using several marker systems, the Kyusyu Island and Honshu Island populations should be considered as different conservation units, and the islands should be regarded as distinct seed transfer zones for C. jamasakura, especially when rapid assessments are required.