Synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and starch-based hybrids and their applications in flocculation and sizing

Starch and hydrolyzed starches along with carboxymethyl cellulose were independently subjected to cationization by reacting them with N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (known commercially as Quat 188) in presence of alkaline catalyst. The cationization reaction was carried out under different conditions Optimal reaction conditions could be achieved at Quat 188 (2 mmol), NaOH (1 mmol) at temperature (70 °C) 60 min for CMC or 120 min for starch. The cationic products were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, and nitrogen percentage. Application of the cationized products as well as their parent materials in textile sizing was also undertaken. Moreover, hybrids of starch-Quat 188 and CMC-Quat 188 were used as flocculants; flocculation was carried at pH 6 using different flocculant dose. Results obtained indicate that the cationic-based hybrids – under investigation display characteristics, which qualify them to function as an excellent sizing and flocculating agents.     

Studies on the cationization of agarose

Cationized agaroses with different degrees of substitution (0.04–0.77) were synthesized, employing 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC). The influence of different reaction parameters on the substitution degree and molecular weight was evaluated. The investigated parameters were concentration of reagents, temperature, time, and addition of NaBH₄. The products were characterized by means of scanning electronic microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, viscosimetry, and NMR spectroscopy. Methanolysis products were studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The higher the concentration of CHPTAC employed, a higher degree of substitution was obtained, if the optimum concentration of NaOH in each case was employed. Insufficient quantities of NaOH reduced epoxide formation and the reacting alkoxides of the polysaccharide, whereas an excess of NaOH favored degradation of the epoxide and decrease in the molecular weight of the product. A reaction time of 2 h was sufficient to obtain products with the maximum degree of substitution for each case. The addition of NaBH₄ gave products with a slightly higher molecular weight, but the extra cost involved should not justify its use for large-scale application.     

Improving reactive ink jet printing via cationization of cellulosic linen fabric

Cellulose linen fabric samples subjected to cationization using different cationizing agents: dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB), tetra methyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH), and Quat-188, via pad batch technique, followed by ink jet printing with reactive dyes.