Nucleotide Sequence Surrounding the Locus Marker D21S246 on Human Chromosome 21

Most ofthe human Not I linking clones identified to date areconsidered to be derived from CpG islands because ofthe recognitionsequence of this enzyme, and CpG islands have been reportedto be located around the 5' regions of genes. As a pilot study,we determined the complete nucleotide sequence (41,924 bp) ofa human cosmid clone (LL21NC02Q7A10) containing the marker D21S246originating from a Not I linking clone. As a result of sequenceanalysis, we successfully mapped and revealed the genomic genestructure for KIAA0002 previously reported as a cDNA clone.This gene consists of 15 exons and was shown to exist at theD21S246 locus on human chromosome 21q21.3–q22.1. Theseresults demonstrated that genomic marker-anchored DNA sequencingis a useful approach for the human genome project.     

东方次睾吸虫电镜研究(吸虫纲:后睾科)V.雌性生殖器官

东方次睾吸虫雌性生殖器官（卵巢、输卵管、卵黄－输卵管、卵模、梅氏腺和子宫）透射电镜 观察。卵巢内有不同成熟期的生殖细胞,成熟初级卵母细胞有几个靠近核的核仁样小聚体和许多沿 质膜的皮质颗粒。首次发现并描述卵巢和输卵管接合处（卵巢壶腹）的超微结构。输卵管上皮为纤 毛状。梅氏腺仅一种类型膜状小体细胞,经有微管支持的细小管道穿过卵模将膜状小体排入卵模腔 内。在卵黄－输卵管和卵模中有精子,卵模和子宫中有受精卵、虫卵（扫描电镜）：大小 ２６. ０５× １１．４６－１３．５５μｍ,卵盖直径６．２６－６. ８９μｐ,卵壳表面布满膜状隆起。文中对卵巢和梅氏腺的超微 结构特点进行了讨论。     

两种生态系统服务价值评估方法比较研究——以四川省金堂县三星镇土地整治工程为例

乡镇土地整治是建设中国美丽乡村的重要途径,对当地生态环境带来正面和负面影响,如何准确评价其生态效益是国家开展土地整治和美丽乡村建设需要面临的重要科学问题。以中国西南部丘陵地区典型乡镇——四川省金堂县三星镇的土地整治工程为例,对比分析了生态系统服务价值当量修正法和单项服务评价法评估土地整治生态效益的异同,以期确定适合我国西南部丘陵地区乡镇土地整治生态效益评估的合理方法。研究结果表明:单项服务评价法的评估结果(生态系统服务价值约300万元)比当量修正法(生态系统服务价值约290万元)高3.5%。当量修正法评估的各项生态系统服务价值增量由高到低依次为:调节服务价值支持服务价值供给服务价值文化服务价值;单项服务评价法评估的生态系统服务价值增量大小排序为:调节服务价值支持服务价值文化服务价值供给服务价值。方法依据和参数的选取不同,导致评估结果具有显著差异,主要表现在单项服务评价法测算的维持养分循环价值、美学景观价值分别是当量修正法的46.90倍和6.94倍,当量修正法测算的水文调节价值是单项服务评价法的5.93倍。单项服务评价法针对各项生态系统服务特征,灵活地选取差异化评估方法,因而其评估结果更准确、真实地反映了生态效益价值。建议运用单项服务评价法评估我国西南部丘陵地区乡镇土地整治的生态效益。     

荒漠河岸胡杨林生态系统能量分配及蒸散发

生态输水工程使得黑河下游地区荒漠河岸林的面积得到了恢复,为进一步巩固生态恢复的成果,非常有必要深入研究胡杨林生态系统的水热交换过程及其对环境因子和人类活动的响应机理。基于涡度相关技术,对2013-2016年荒漠河岸胡杨林生态系统的水热交换过程进行了研究,得出的主要结论如下：（1）生长季生态系统的能量消耗以潜热通量为主,波文比为0.21;非生长季则以感热通量为主,波文比为3.61;春季和秋季的灌水过程,使得胡杨生长前期和后期的潜热通量值较高,直接影响着胡杨林生态系统的能量分配。（2）灌水的时间改变了潜热通量和蒸散发的季节变化过程,而灌水的量决定着春季和秋季潜热通量和蒸散量的年际差异。（3）2014-2016年,生态系统的年蒸散量和生长季蒸散量平均分别为1092 mm和932 mm。荒漠河岸胡杨林生态系统的蒸散量主要受系统水分状况（灌水量）及植物生长状况的影响。     

长江口崇明东滩盐沼湿地围堤工程对底栖动物群落的影响

长江口崇明东滩盐沼湿地围堤工程是以清除入侵植物互花米草为目的而进行的生态修复工程。由于大型底栖动物可作为重要的环境指示生物,分析比较了围堤前后围堤工程内和工程外大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性的变化。结果表明,在2013年围堤工程前和2016年围堤工程后两次调查共采集到大型底栖动物29种,分别隶属于无针纲、多毛纲、腹足纲、双壳纲、甲壳纲和昆虫纲。在2013和2016年围堤外光滩生境分别采集到底栖动物21种和27种,并且所有样线都表现出物种数量增加或持平;然而在围堤内区域,两条全封闭样线(样线2和样线3)由围堤前的12种减少到围堤后的6种,而在保留进出水口的半封闭样线1围堤内由围堤前7种增加到围堤后12种。底栖动物平均密度在半封闭样线1围堤内由围堤前的(75±0)个/m^2增加到围堤后的(288±111)个/m^2(P=0.091),在全封闭的样线2(2013:(120±17)个/m^2;2016:(7±7)个/m^2)和样线3(2013:(359±20)个/m^2;2016:(93±93)个/m^2)围堤内都表现出围堤前显著高于围堤后(P<0.05);围堤外光滩区域所有样线虽然没有显著性差异,但是都表现出围堤后密度增加,总平均密度由围堤前的(410±83)个/m^2增加到2016年的(1184±393)个/m^2(P=0.072)。因此,在长江口盐沼湿地进行互花米草生态治理的围堤工程,保留进出水口保持围堤区域与外界自然水域的连通性对围堤内底栖动物结构及多样性有积极作用,而围堤外底栖动物结构及多样性在所有样点均处上升趋势。围堤工程主要对软体动物和多毛类影响较大,而同时这些物种还是鸟类或者鱼类的重要食物资源,从而对鸟类和鱼类等次级消费者造成影响。从底栖动物群落变化及其生境来看,建议应该采取保留进出水口的围堤方式,维持潮水的出入,恢复围堤内与围堤外的生境连通性。     

Focus: Zoonotic Disease: The Practice of Science as the Pursuit of Knowledge

Choosing what scientific project to pursue is the most important decision that scientists at all levels continually face. Time devoted to a project can further desirable knowledge and advance a career or cost years in lost opportunity. Knowing what to consider before embarking on a specific scientific journey, as well as when to drop a project and change course, offers a way of practicing science that keeps us mindful of what is relevant at a given time and place while preserving our freedom to explore the most exciting findings. This article explores both the pressures that restrict this delicate decision-making process and the processes that scientists can apply to overcome those pressures. Above all else, as it turns out, we must still love the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake – and this love directly impacts our results.     

基于广义可加模型的昆虫种群动态非线性分析及R语言实现

昆虫种群受到气候、天敌和土壤等多种生态因子的综合作用,其动态具有复杂性、不确定性和非线性等特征。广义加性模型(generalized additive models,GAM)就是适用于响应变量与解释变量之间的关系是非线性或非单调的数据分析。本文以1973—1990年稻纵卷叶螟种群数量与降雨持续天数和降雨量的相关性分析为例,介绍了广义可加模型的应用及其R语言实现步骤,为研究昆虫种群动态及其驱动因子提供了有效的分析工具。     

Reduction of molecular gas diffusion through gaskets in leaf gas exchange cuvettes by leaf‐mediated pores

There is an ongoing debate on how to correct leaf gas exchange measurements for the unavoidable diffusion leakage that occurs when measurements are done in non‐ambient CO₂ concentrations. In this study, we present a theory on how the CO₂ diffusion gradient over the gasket is affected by leaf‐mediated pores (LMP) and how LMP reduce diffusive exchange across the gaskets. Recent discussions have so far neglected the processes in the quasi‐laminar boundary layer around the gasket. Counter intuitively, LMP reduce the leakage through gaskets, which can be explained by assuming that the boundary layer at the exterior of the cuvette is enriched with air from the inside of the cuvette. The effect can thus be reduced by reducing the boundary layer thickness. The theory clarifies conflicting results from earlier studies. We developed leaf adaptor frames that eliminate LMP during measurements on delicate plant material such as grass leaves with circular cross section, and the effectiveness is shown with respiration measurements on a harp of Deschampsia flexuosa leaves. We conclude that the best solution for measurements with portable photosynthesis systems is to avoid LMP rather than trying to correct for the effects.     

药物代谢和药物动力学国家自然科学基金项目分析及其基础研 究的发展与展望

通过对2010—2015 年获批的药物代谢和药物动力学（DM/PK）国家自然科学基金项目的分析,总结我国DM/PK 研究取得的 进展,展望其重要研究方向,为DM/PK 学科发展规划的制定提供参考。