宁夏沙区沙拐枣属和柽柳属的引选及抗逆造林

宁夏分布有大面积的流动沙地和盐碱地,因此,引进适生的植物对治沙造林、改善生态环境有重大意义。本文报道沙拐枣属(Calligonum L.)和柽柳属(Tamarix L.)的引选及抗逆性造林技术方面的结果。     

气候变暖背景下青藏高原草本植物物候变化空间换时间预测

气候变暖背景下的植物物候变化广受关注, 然而常用的植物物候变化预测模型未充分考虑植物对环境的适应性, 给预测结果带来了较大的不确定性。该文基于2002-2011年青藏高原10个站点的地面物候观测资料以及年平均气温数据, 对空间换时间模型预测车前(Plantago asiatica)和蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)各主要物候事件(展叶始期、开花始期和黄枯普遍期)变化的可行性及其在升温背景下的变化规律进行了分析。首先利用不同海拔高度的气温和物候事件分别与地理因子(经度、纬度和海拔)建立多元线性回归模型, 然后在此基础上剔除经度和纬度的影响, 单独考察海拔变化所引起的气温与植物物候变化, 最后以海拔高度作为桥梁来考察物候变化与温度变化的关系。结果表明, 采用各站点对应的海拔高度来模拟年平均气温空间差异的R²均大于0.89, 表明海拔梯度可以用来反映时间尺度下的年际温度变化; 车前和蒲公英各物候事件发生日期拟合值均与海拔高度变化关系显著, R²均大于0.70, 表明海拔变化是影响它们各物候事件变化的主要地理因子; 在物候事件发生日期拟合值和年平均气温拟合值的回归方程中, R²均大于0.93, 说明基于不同海拔高度模拟得到的年平均气温变化可以对时间尺度上车前和蒲公英的物候事件变化进行预测。空间换时间预测表明, 温度每升高1 ℃, 车前展叶始期和开花始期分别提前5.1和5.4 d, 而黄枯普遍期推迟4.8 d; 蒲公英展叶始期和开花始期分别提前6.5和7.8 d, 而黄枯普遍期推迟6.7 d。     

New lipoxygenase-inhibiting constituents from Calligonum polygonoides

Calligonolides A (1) and B (2), two new butanolides, and a new steroidal ester, 3, have been isolated from the whole plant of Calligonum polygonoides, together with four known compounds, tetracosan-4-olide, beta-sitosterol and its glucoside, and ursolic acid. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and mass-spectrometric studies. Compounds 1-3 showed moderate inhibitory potential against lipoxygenase from soybean.     

5种沙拐枣的水分生理特征比较

在野外和室内观测5种沙拐枣的生物生态特征及其水分生理指标。结果表明:白皮沙拐枣和新疆沙拐枣以大蒸腾,较强的持水力,保持较高的束缚水来抵抗干旱;乔木状沙拐枣则以较强持水力,最低限度的蒸腾强度抵抗干旱。综合指标分析表明:白皮沙拐枣和乔木状沙拐枣的耐旱性较强,新疆沙拐枣和红皮沙拐枣次之,小果沙拐枣的耐旱性最弱;抗风蚀能力由强至弱为:红皮沙拐枣>新疆沙拐枣>小果沙拐枣>白皮沙拐枣>乔木状沙拐枣。4h为5种沙拐枣失水的拐点,因此,在进行植苗造林中,最好在起苗后4h内栽植,以提高造林成活率。     

Production of Perennial Vegetation in an Oasis-desert Transition Zone in NW China - Allometric Estimation,and Assessment of Flooding and Use Effects

River oases at the southern fringe of the Taklamakan desert in NW China are surrounded by belts of spontaneous vegetation that protect the oases from sand drift. As an important source of forage, fuel and construction wood, this foreland vegetation is also a component part of the agricultural system of the oases but has been, and still is, destroyed through overuse. Within a broader study that aimed to provide a basis for a sustainable management of this foreland vegetation, biomass and production were studied in four vegetation types dominated either by Alhagi sparsifolia, Calligonum caput-medusae, Populus euphratica, or Tamarix ramosissima that were thought to occur under different regimes of natural flooding in the foreland of Qira (Cele) oasis, Xinjiang, NW China. Shoot biomass components were closely correlated to basal area (Calligonum, Populus, Tamarix) or shrub volume and projection area (Alhagi), enabling non-destructive estimation of stand biomass from shoot diameters or shrub dimensions with sufficient precision using allometric regression equations. Relationships between shoot basal area and biomass of the woody species (Calligonum, Populus and Tamarix) agreed with predictions by a theoretical model of plant vascular systems, suggesting that they are determined by hydraulic and mechanical requirements for shoot architecture. Average aboveground biomass densities of typical stands in late summer were 2.97 Mg/ha in Alhagi, 3.6 Mg/ha in a row plantation and 10.9 Mg/ha in homogenous stands of Calligonum, 22–29 Mg/ha in 22 year-old Populus forests and 1.9–3.1 Mg/ha in Tamarix-dominated vegetation. Annual aboveground production including wood and assimilation organs ranged from 2.11 to 11.3 Mg/ha in plantations of Calligonum, 3.17 to 6.12 Mg/ha in Populus, and 1.55 to 1.74 Mg/ha (based on total ground area) or 3.10 to 7.15 Mg/ha (in homogenous stands) in Tamarix. Production of Alhagi is equal to peak biomass. A thinning treatment simulating use by the local population enhanced productivity of Calligonum, Populus and Tamarix. A complete harvest of Alhagi in late August decreased production in the following year. An artificial flood irrigation treatment did not sufficiently increase soil water content except in the uppermost layer and had no clear beneficial effect on growth of the four species and even a negative effect on Alhagi, which was due to increased competition from annual species. As biomass and production with or without artificial irrigation were much higher than values expected for rain-fed desert vegetation at a mean annual precipitation of 35 mm, it is concluded that the existence of all vegetation types studied is probably based on permanent access to groundwater and that natural floods or precipitation do not contribute to their water supply. The effects of agricultural groundwater use in the oasis on groundwater in the foreland of the oasis need further study. Sustainable use of this productive vegetation is possible but requires proper management.     

中国沙拐枣属植物的数值分类研究

选择了中国19种沙拐枣属（CalligonumL.)植物,共测定及引用了35个形态分类指标,应用单因素方差分析（MANOVA）和主成分分析（PCA）,分别对形态因子进行了单元和多元分析。结果表明,所有的种间形态指标均差异显著,冠幅（BC）,木质枝枝节长度（LKWB）,果实直径（DF）,雄蕊长度（SL）,同化枝枝节长度（LKAS）和同化枝化枝角度（ARAS）指标在沙拐枣属植物的数值分类上,具有很强的差异性分析意义。依据平方欧氏距离,应用类平均法（UPGMA）将19种沙拐枣植物聚为5类,系统聚类结论与主成分分析的三维排序结果基本一致,与传统的形态分类结果有一定的差异。     

The Classification and Distribution of the Genus Calligonum L. in China

The genus Calligonum L. includes a total number of 35 species in the world, of which 24 are in China. They are grouped into four sections, of which Sect. Calliphysae (Fisch. et Mey.) Borszcz. is the most primitive and Sect. Medusae Sosk. et Alexender. is the most progressive. The Calligonum L. is an ancient genus in the arid desert flora, and central Asia is the place of its origin. Some species migrated to the Middle Asia and Iran, developing into a second center there. Also, some newly occurred species of the Middle Asia emigrated eastwards to central Asia, so the genus Calligonum L. in China comprises components of both central Asia and the Middle Asia. The genus Calligonum L. is distributed in North Africa, south Europa and Asia, and China is the eastmost part of the distribution range. They grow in Nei Monggol, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang. There are 12 species in the Zhuengar Basin, covering 50 percent of the total number of species in China, amd thus the genus is the most abundant there.     

盐胁迫对沙拐枣光合生理特性的影响

以采自甘肃民勤一年生的沙拐枣幼苗为试材,对不同NaCl浓度(0、50、100、200、300mmol·L~(-1))处理下沙拐枣光合生理特性进行分析,并对各生理指标与地上生物量进行灰色关联度分析,以探讨荒漠植物沙拐枣的抗盐机理,为沙拐枣的保护及其恢复荒漠生态系统稳定提供理论依据。结果显示:随着NaCl浓度的升高,沙拐枣同化枝内脯氨酸含量逐渐增大,而其可溶性糖含量逐渐减小;在低浓度NaCl(50mmol·L~(-1) NaCl)处理下,同化枝光合参数均增加,且净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)均达到最大值,比对照分别显著增加了33.3%、68.0%、60.8%;与50mmol·L~(-1) NaCl相比,处理浓度超过50mmol·L~(-1) NaCl时,Pn、Gs、Tr均降低;同化枝叶绿素b含量随着NaCl浓度的增加而降低,而叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量均呈先增加后降低的趋势。灰色关联度分析发现,同化枝的Tr、Gs、Ci以及叶绿素b与地上生物量的关联度较大。研究表明,低盐浓度NaCl激活了沙拐枣的某些生理机制,有利于植株的光合作用和生长,而植物在高盐浓度胁迫时能通过调节脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量,减少叶绿素含量、Pn和Tr等维持自身的生长。     

沙葱(Allium mongolicum Regel)离体培养再生可育植株

以沙葱（Allium mongolicum Regel)的叶基切段作外植体,成功地诱导出愈伤组织和再生植株。诱导愈僵组织的培养基为附加2mgL^-22,4-D和0.2mgL^-1KT的MS培养基。愈伤组织转移到附加2mgL^-16BA和0.4mgL^-1NAA的MS培养基后分化出大量的苗;分化苗在含有IBA1mgL^-1的1/2MS培养基上生根最佳。再生植株移栽成活率在95%以上。移栽到田间的植株第二年以后可正常开花结实。