念珠藻对岩溶水中 Ca2＋、HCO－3利用效率实验研究

岩溶碳汇过程中石灰石溶解将大气/土壤中 CO 2转移到水体形成 HCO －3促进水生藻类的生长.该文为了研究水生藻类光合作用将岩溶水中无机碳转化为有机碳的效率,采用从岩溶水生生态系统中筛选出的念珠藻作为研究对象,探讨在封闭体系中藻细胞光合作用时对典型岩溶水中 Ca2＋、HCO －3利用、藻细胞生物量的变化与 Ca2＋、HCO －3的利用关系以及体系 pH、DO 的变化.结果表明：念珠藻通过光合作用能吸收利用岩溶水中27．38％的 Ca2＋,同时将29．54％的 Ca2＋通过物理化学作用以“藻体-CaCO 3”复合体形式沉淀而返回到无机环境.pH 漂移实验表明念珠藻光合作用过程中先利用水体中游离 CO 2,然后以岩溶水中 HCO －3为碳源.由于水体中岩溶作用产生的 HCO －3不断被光合作用利用而引起体系 pH 和 DO 的升高.念珠藻光合作用将岩溶水中65％的 HCO －3转化为稳定化合物,其中18．46％以胞外 CaCO 3形式被沉淀,81．54％被藻类转化为有机物,表现为净碳汇效应.     

碳酸钙胁迫对枳壳愈伤组织生理特性的影响

石灰性土壤上富含碳酸钙是导致柑桔缺铁黄化的主要因素。碳酸钙胁迫对枳壳愈伤组织生理影响的研究结果表明除全Fe含量外,CaCO₃浓度与POD活性、SOD活性、CAT活性、活性Fe含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、愈伤组织增殖均呈显著或极显著负相关,与培养液pH值呈显著相关,随着培养天数的增加,POD活性、活性Fe含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、愈伤组织增殖呈降低趋势,SOD、CAT活性先升后降,全Fe含量在25日出现沉积,高浓度CaCO₃下培养液pH值仅在20日左右略有降低。     

石首鱼科(Sciaenidae)三种鱼耳石CaCO_3晶相结构分析

软骨及硬骨鱼以及其它高等脊椎动物耳石中,CaCO_3占绝大部分.本文主要以X射线衍射分析对白姑鱼,大黄鱼,小黄鱼三种石首鱼科鱼类耳石作了分析,发现CaCO_3结晶均为霰石结构.依文献,对耳石晶相结构在动物分类上的意义作了初步讨论.     

Early pattern of calcification in the dorsal carapace of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus

The pattern of calcium carbonate deposition was observed in the dorsal carapace of premolt (D2-D3) and early postmolt (0-48 h) blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, using scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Samples of dorsal carapace for SEM were quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen, subsequently lyophilized, and viewed using secondary and backscattered electrons as well as X-ray maps of calcium. Pieces of lyophilized cuticle were also embedded in epoxy resin and subsequently sectioned and viewed with TEM and SEM. Fresh pieces of dorsal carapace for TEM were also fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer followed by postfixation in 1% OsO4 in cacodylate buffer. Calcium concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and quantitative X-ray microanalysis. Calcium accumulation began in the cuticle at 3 h postmolt at the epicuticle/exocuticle boundary and at the distal and proximal margins of the interprismatic septa (IPS). The bidirectional calcification of the IPS continued until the two fronts met at 5-8 h postmolt. The roughly hexagonal walls of the IPS formed a honeycomb-like structure that resulted in a rigid cuticle. The walls of the canal containing sensory neurons also calcified at 3 h, thereby imparting rigidity to the structure and additional strength to the cuticle. Examination of thin sections of lyophilized cuticle and fixed cuticle revealed that the first mineral deposited is more soluble than calcite and is probably amorphous calcium carbonate. The amorphous calcium carbonate is transformed to calcite along a front that follows the original deposition and is probably controlled by a specialized matrix within the IPS. Since amorphous calcium carbonate is isotropic, it would also make the mineral in the exocuticle stronger by an equal distribution of mechanical stress.     

Physical,chemical and biological characteristics* of CO2 gas flux across the air-water interface

Abstract Carbon dioxide gas flux across the air-water interface is most often treated as a ‘simple’ physical process, primarily responding to wind speed and water temperature. Available experimental data yield an exponential regression equation relating wind speed to the thickness of a stagnant boundary film through which gas diffuses to or from the water. Flux of CO₂ is influenced by CO₂ hydration reactions in the stagnant boundary layer. High pH and a thick stagnant boundary layer favour chemical enhancement of the CO₂ gas flux. The rate of CO₂ flux reflects the sum of net organic metabolism plus CaCO₃ reactions. Some interesting gas-flux constraints on the rate of net organic carbon production and on global geochemical cycling of CaCO₃ emerge. At high pH (circa 10), the maximum net organic carbon production which can be supported by CO₂ flux across the air-water interface is about 0.06 mol C m^&2 d^&1. On a global scale, organic C, not atmospheric C, appears to account for the ‘CO₂’ term in the classical CaCO₃ dissolution-precipitation reaction.     

QUANTIFYING GROWTH AND CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITION OF CALLIARTHRON CHEILOSPORIOIDES (CORALLINALES,RHODOPHYTA) IN THE FIELD USING A PERSISTENT VITAL STAIN1

Growth and calcium carbonate deposition rates of the coralline alga Calliarthron cheilosporioides Manza were quantified by monitoring fronds in the intertidal zone that had been chemically labeled with the nontoxic fluorescent brightener Calcofluor white. This vital stain effectively labeled apical meristems of coralline thalli in the field: fronds exposed for only 5 min had detectable chemical marks at least 1.5 years later. By distinguishing portions of thalli that developed before and after exposure, this methodology permitted accurate measurement of growth and calcium carbonate deposition at each meristem. In Calliarthron, meristematic activity declined with increasing frond size. However, because growing fronds dichotomize, the total number of meristems and the deposition rate of new calcified tissue both increased with frond size. Growth rates reported here suggest that large fronds may not be as old as previously estimated. The Calcofluor white method may improve demographic studies of corallines by resolving growth and age of fronds in the field and may facilitate studies of climate change on calcium carbonate deposition in these ecologically important, calcifying algae.     

Technical comment on Kroeker et al. (2010) Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecology Letters, 13, 1419-1434

Meta-analysis of experimental results has been interpreted to imply that the calcification response of organisms depositing high Mg-calcite is more resilient to ocean acidification than organisms depositing aragonite/calcite. This conclusion might be biased by inadequate recognition and categorisation of high Mg-calcite according to mineral solubility.     

钙对金针菇生长发育的影响

研究了CaCO3粉末对金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)生长发育的影响及子实体的富钙作用。结果表明,钙能显著刺激金针菇菌丝体和子实体的生长,缩短出菇时间,提高产量和子实体含钙量。这些生理生化变化与钙浓度密切相关,低质量分数(0~5%)和高质量分数(5.5~10%)的CaCO3粉末造成了相似的变化。初步分析认为,这可能与金针菇细胞内存在两种不同的钙信号转导途径有关。     

几种生物CaCO3霰石结晶的取向性

CaCO3结晶广泛分布于生物界,其主要结晶形式为方解石、霰石及球霰石。用X－射线衍射法对三角帆蚌及合浦珍珠母贝的珍珠层、墨鱼骨和大黄鱼耳石的CaCO3结晶进行测定,发现各样品均有一定取向性,以三角帆蚌和合浦珍珠母贝珍珠层的取向性为最强,墨鱼骨的取向性次之,大黄鱼耳石的取向性最小,以上材料粉末样的衍射分析表明,各样品对应d值间差异极小,均为X射线衍射卡（5－0453）所表征的CaCO3霰石结构。     

供锌条件下碳酸钙对小麦幼苗生长和锌吸收的影响

通过营养液培养试验,研究了供Zn条件下添加CaCO₃对3种基因型冬小麦（远丰998、中育6号、小偃22）幼苗生长及Zn吸收的影响.结果表明,供Zn和添加CaCO₃对小麦幼苗生长量和根冠比均无显著性影响,3种基因型小麦间亦无显著性差异;添加CaCO₃诱发了小麦叶片失绿黄化.无论供Zn还是不供Zn,添加CaCO₃对3种基因型小麦根、茎、叶各部分的Zn含量及累积量均无显著性影响;与不供Zn处理相比,供Zn会大幅度地提高根、茎、叶的Zn含量和累积量,供Zn使3种基因型小麦植株Zn含量分别增加80.0%、104.8%和139.6%,缺Zn敏感型小麦远丰998植株Zn含量和累积量的增加幅度远小于不敏感型小麦中育6号和小偃22.供Zn和添加CaCO₃对小麦幼苗根、茎、叶中P含量均无显著影响,但远丰998小麦根、茎、叶3部分的P含量均明显低于其它两种非敏感型小麦.供Zn使小麦根、茎、叶3部分的P/Zn大幅度降低,添加CaCO₃也使P/Zn呈现降低的趋势.不供Zn条件下添加CaCO₃能诱发小麦失绿黄化,但Zn吸收量未降低.表明在水培条件下,高含量CaCO₃对小麦Zn吸收并未产生明显的抑制作用.