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1.
Loïc Pellissier Charlotte Ndiribe Anne Dubuis Jean‐Nicolas Pradervand Nicolas Salamin Antoine Guisan Sergio Rasmann 《Ecology letters》2013,16(5):600-608
Understanding drivers of biodiversity patterns is of prime importance in this era of severe environmental crisis. More diverse plant communities have been postulated to represent a larger functional trait‐space, more likely to sustain a diverse assembly of herbivore species. Here, we expand this hypothesis to integrate environmental, functional and phylogenetic variation of plant communities as factors explaining the diversity of lepidopteran assemblages along elevation gradients in the Swiss Western Alps. According to expectations, we found that the association between butterflies and their host plants is highly phylogenetically structured. Multiple regression analyses showed the combined effect of climate, functional traits and phylogenetic diversity in structuring butterfly communities. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence that plant phylogenetic beta diversity is the major driver explaining butterfly phylogenetic beta diversity. Along ecological gradients, the bottom up control of herbivore diversity is thus driven by phylogenetically structured turnover of plant traits as well as environmental variables. 相似文献
2.
Roger L. H. Dennis Leonardo Dapporto Tim H. Sparks Steven R. Williams J. Nick Greatorex‐Davies Jim Asher David B. Roy 《Journal of Biogeography》2010,37(12):2291-2304
Aim Community trends were investigated for two small islands and two local mainland butterfly communities within the UK over a period of 20–30 years. Location Hilbre Island off the Wirral Peninsula at 53.33° N, 3.10° W; Lindisfarne, an island off the Northumberland coast at 56.41° N, 1.48° W; Leighton Moss at 54.08° N, 2.26° W; Wyre Forest at 52.23° N, 2.14° W, UK. Methods Butterfly species data were collected on Hilbre and two mainland sites (Leighton Moss and Wyre Forest) from 1983 to 2006, and on Lindisfarne from 1977 to 2006, as part of the National Habitat Survey, the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme and ‘Butterflies for the New Millennium Atlas’ recording. Matrices of associations (Sokal and Michener’s matching coefficient SSM; resemblance coefficient) were computed between years and subject to non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and Mantel tests. The pattern of extinctions and colonizations at sites were examined, their heterogeneity tested by applying a Friedman test to fractional incidences for the same years. Regression analysis (multiple regression and logit regression) was used to relate butterfly numbers and incidences to climate variables, time and previous records. Results Significant community trends based on population counts and species’ incidences were found for all four sites. There was a significant climatic signal for Hilbre; although this was not apparent for the remaining sites, significant associations occurred between records for a number of species and climatic variables at all sites. Substantial turnover of species on the islands was inversely related to numbers of records for species but not to their conspicuousness to recorders. Main conclusions We argue that time trends are widespread in butterfly communities, even for relatively short periods; they are largely generated by stochastic influences rather than by more substantive factors such as climate change. Potential biases in surveying and recording history are shown to be unlikely. A clear climate signal was found only for the small Hilbre Island, for which there was also evidence for the significant influence of colonization capability of individual source species. We conclude that for many species, small islands will be sinks or pseudosinks and their ‘populations’ vulnerable to small changes in source–sink dynamics. 相似文献
3.
Harriet Davies Tom M. Brereton David B. Roy Richard Fox 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2007,16(13):3719-3736
The UK Government has set targets for biodiversity conservation in England based on several indicators, including the status
of protected areas [e.g. Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs)]. Specifically, the Government aims to achieve favourable
condition [defined by Common Standards Monitoring (CSM)] on 95% by area of SSSIs by 2010. SSSIs are important for threatened
butterflies and management to achieve favourable condition will play a key role in determining future population levels of
these high-profile insects. Because only notified features of SSSIs are considered within CSM, we investigated the level of
notification for three threatened butterflies. We found that these species were notified at only 15–33% of SSSIs where they
occurred; though most site managers did manage for them under broader site conservation objectives. We investigated the relationship
between SSSI condition status and population trend for eight butterfly species of conservation concern to assess the benefit
to butterflies of sites attaining favourable condition status. The majority (80%) of population trends on SSSIs in favourable
condition were positive, suggesting an overall beneficial impact of SSSI management. However, four of the eight species maintained
lower populations at favourable condition SSSIs than at sites in one of the unfavourable condition categories. We suggest
that current condition assessment based chiefly on notified vegetation communities lacks the sensitivity to identify the complex
habitat conditions for these (mosaic) species. As butterflies are good indictors for a wide range of invertebrates, many species
requiring fine-scale habitat heterogeneity may be at risk from the Government’s target. 相似文献
4.
Tracking the effects of one century of habitat loss
and fragmentation on calcareous grassland
butterfly communities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Emmanuelle Polus Sofie Vandewoestijne Julie Choutt Michel Baguette 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2007,16(12):3423-3436
Habitat loss and fragmentation are known to reduce patch sizes and increase their isolation, consequently leading to modifications
in species richness and community structure. Calcareous grasslands are among the richest ecosystems in Europe for insect species.
About 10% (1,150 ha) of the total area of a calcareous ridge region (Calestienne, Belgium) and its butterfly community was
analysed over a timeframe of about 100 years. Since 1905 to present day (2005), the Calestienne region has undergone both
calcareous grassland loss and fragmentation: not only did calcareous grassland size decrease and isolation increase, but also,
the number of calcareous grassland patches within the landscape increased until 1965, and subsequently decreased, clearly
reflecting the effects of fragmentation. These processes have had a profound effect on the butterfly community: extinction
and rarefaction affected significantly more often specialist species, which means that generalist species are more and more
overrepresented. This ecological drift, i.e. the replacement of specialists by generalists in species assemblages is likely
to be a general effect of habitat loss and fragmentation on natural communities. 相似文献
5.
How emergence and death assumptions affect count-based estimates of butterfly abundance and lifespan
Justin M. Calabrese 《Population Ecology》2012,54(3):431-442
Transect count data form the basis of many butterfly and other insect monitoring programs worldwide. A clear understanding of the limitations of such datasets, including the potential for biases in the statistical methods used to analyze them, is therefore crucial. The classical Zonneveld model (CZ) can extract estimates of a suite of demographic parameters from transect count datasets, and has also been used in theoretical analyses of protandry and reproductive asynchrony. The CZ relies on strong assumptions about the emergence and death processes underlying observed transect count datasets. Though reasonable as a starting place, a growing body of empirical evidence suggests these assumptions will, in many cases, not hold. Here, I explore how violations of these assumptions bias CZ-based estimates of two key population parameters: total population size and mean individual lifespan. To do this, I generalize the Zonneveld model by relaxing the symmetrical emergence distribution and constant death rate assumptions such that the generalized models contain the CZ as a special case. Using the generalized models as data generating processes, I then show that the CZ is able to closely mimic the shape of the abundance time course produced by either variant of the generalized model under a wide range of conditions, but produces highly biased estimates of population size and mean lifespan in doing so. My analysis therefore demonstrates both that the CZ is not robust to violations of its emergence and death assumptions, and that a good observed fit to transect count data does not mean these assumptions are satisfied. 相似文献
6.
Piotr Nowicki Anett Richter Uta Glinka Andrea Holzschuh Ulrike Toelke Klaus Henle Michal Woyciechowski Josef Settele 《Population Ecology》2005,47(3):203-212
With the aim of creating a simplified sampling scheme that would retain the accuracy of standard mark–release–recapture (MRR) sampling, but at a greatly reduced cost, we analysed 23 capture–recapture data sets from spatially closed populations of six Lepidoptera species according to the constrained Cormack–Jolly–Seber models. Subsequently the relationships between the estimates of population parameters were investigated in order to develop a regression equation that would enable us to calculate seasonal population size without sampling the population throughout the entire flight period. The proportion of individuals flying at peak population was highly variable (CV=0.39), but the variation decreased considerably (CV=0.14) after different life span and flight period length were accounted for. Over 90% of the variance of this proportion was explained by the life span:flight period length ratio. Simulations of hypothetical sampling schemes proved that schemes covering the second and third quarter of the flight period performed much better than those restricted to the second quarter only. The accuracy of seasonal population size estimated with the regression equation developed was comparable for intensive schemes (daily sampling) and non-intensive ones (sampling once in 2 or 3 days). We propose a simplified method of surveying butterfly populations that should be based on checking the presence of flying adults at the beginning and end of the flight period to assess its length, and MRR sampling covering its middle part, with intervals between capture days corresponding to the average life span of investigated butterflies. 相似文献
7.
Can the assumption of a non‐random search improve our prediction of butterfly fluxes between resource patches? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Pavel Kindlmann Stephanie Aviron Francoise Burel Annie Ouin 《Ecological Entomology》2004,29(4):447-456
Abstract. 1. Understanding dispersal patterns that enable small, spatially isolated populations to survive in fragmented landscapes has become an important issue in conservation biology and landscape management. However, for most of the species of interest it is not known whether dispersing individuals navigate or follow systematic search strategies, as opposed to moving randomly. 2. Recently it was shown that individuals of the butterfly species Maniola jurtina do not seek resources by means of random flight. If true, this may be problematic for existing metapopulation models, including those based on the evolution of dispersal rates in metapopulations. 3. The study tested to what extent the non‐random dispersal patterns described in the literature can explain M. jurtina fluxes in its natural habitat. 4. A model based on literature assumptions of M. jurtina movements is presented in the work reported here, and its predictions are compared with 2 years of capture–recapture data on its fluxes in two landscapes. 5. The model provides a good fit to the data and gives better predictions than the model based only on patch sizes and distances between patches. 6. Thus, if data are available about the actual landscape under consideration, the model should be preferred to simpler approaches; however, in general theoretical considerations the simple approach based on patch size and the degree of its isolation will retain its value. 相似文献
8.
Workers of three ant species (Lasius niger, Lasius flavus, Myrmica rubra) were caged in the laboratory together with caterpillars and pupae of five species of lycaenid butterflies. Mortality of ants was 3–5 times higher when the ants were confined with larvae lacking a dorsal nectar organ (Lycaena phlaeas, Lycaena tityrus) rather than with caterpillars which possess a nectar gland (Aricia agestis, Polyommatus bellargus, P. icarus). For all five species, ant survival was always lower at the pupal stage (where a nectar organ is always absent) than at the caterpillar stage and was largely equivalent for the butterfly species tested. The experimental data confirm earlier estimates that ants can derive nutritive benefits from tending facultatively myrmecophilous lycaenid caterpillars, even though these caterpillars produce nectarlike secretions at low rates. 相似文献
9.
Males of the speckled wood butterfly Pararge aegeria L. (Satyrinae), actively search for females (“patrolling”) or wait for them at particular places (“perching”). Darker males
are more likely to patrol than pale ones, which are mainly territorial perchers. We studied whether this morphological variation
relates to thermoregulatory differences. The relationship between thoracic temperature and ambient temperature differed between
the colour types under natural conditions: darker males had on average lower body temperatures than paler males. Different
activities (e.g. resting, flying) and behavioural strategies (perching or patrolling) were associated with differences in
thoracic temperature: patrolling males which mainly engaged in long flights and periods of basking afterwards, had lower thoracic
temperatures than perching males which engaged in very short flights, fights and basking. When resting for a while thoracic
temperatures did not differ between males practising different strategies. Under laboratory conditions, darker males heated
up faster than pale males but there was no difference in the thoracic temperature at which they started to fly. These results
indicate that thermal requirements (or general conditions) differ between the behavioural strategies, and that behavioural
differences between phenotypes (colour types) relate to differences in thermal ecology. This supports the idea that darker
males are better adapted to patrolling. There is no evidence that one mate-locating strategy is always superior to the other,
which coincides with the observation that both strategies co-exist. More generally, this study shows that relatively small
differences in colour can have a considerable effect on thermoregulation and hence on the behavioural strategies a heliothermic
insect will adopt.
Received: 15 August 1997 / Accepted: 15 December 1997 相似文献
10.
We examined nestedness and potential mechanisms causing that distributional pattern in resident butterfly communities of
the Toiyabe Range, a mountain range in the central Great Basin of western North America. We tested whether life history characteristics,
including habitat use and vagility, affected the relative degree of nestedness or mean species incidence. We also tested whether
nestedness at the level of individual species was independent of life history. Relationships between distributional patterns
and habitat use, particularly in ecologically sensitive riparian areas, are relevant to ongoing conservation planning in the
Great Basin. The distributional pattern of the 68 resident butterfly species in 19 Toiyabe Range canyons was significantly
nested, as was the distribution of all functional subgroups that we tested. Life history affected neither relative nestedness
of species groups nor mean species incidence. More than 80% of the individual butterfly species that inhabit the Toiyabe Range
had distributions that were more nested than expected. Colonization does not appear to have played an important role in determining
the composition of butterfly communities in Toiyabe Range canyons. Likewise, selective dispersal has probably played a minor
role in producing nested distributions of Toiyabe Range butterflies. Our results suggest either that impacts to riparian areas
are not jeopardizing species viability, or that highly sensitive butterfly species have already been extirpated from the Toiyabe
Range.
Received: 15 February 1998 / Accepted: 19 December 1998 相似文献