Variation in feeding behaviour of Nilaparvata lugens on resistant and susceptible rice varieties

The feeding behaviour of Nilaparavata lugens was monitored on three rice varieties showing different levels of resistance in the Philippines, using a video-assisted observation method. N. lugens made more frequent, shorter probes on the moderately resistant IR46 and resistant IR62 rice varieties than on the susceptible IR22. Honeydew production was significantly lower on the resistant varieties though insect weight gains in 24 h were similar on IR46 and IR22, both being significantly greater than on the highly resistant variety.Population development, growth index and damage ratings were low on IR62 indicating antibiosis and/or non preference. When IR46 plants were infested as seedlings population increase, growth index and damage ratings were similar to those on the susceptible IR22. When infested at a later stage of plant growth the damage rating showed a moderate level of resistance though some population development was maintained, indicating antibiosis and tolerance. N. lugens started probing less frequently after surface exploration on both resistant varieties than on IR22 suggesting the presence of a resistance factor associated with the surface waxes of these varieties.

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Résumé Le comportement alimentaire de Nilaparvata lugens sur variétés de riz, sensible (IR22), partiellement résistante (IR46) et fortement résistante (IR62), a été contrôlé avec une méthode associant la vidéo à l'observation. N. lugens faisait des piqûres plus fréquentes et plus brèves sur IR46 et IR62, que sur la variété sensible. La production de miellat était significativement plus faible sur les variétés résistantes, bien que les gains de poids des insectes aient été les mêmes en 24 h sur IR46 et IR22, les deux étant significativement supérieurs à celui sur IR62.La croissance de la population, l'indice de croissance et le taux de dégâts étaient tous plus faibles sur IR62, ce qui révèle une antibiose et/ou une absence de préférence. Quand la contamination des IR46 a au lieu au stade semis, la croissance de population, l'indice de croissance et le taux de dégâts étaient semblables à ceux de la variété sensible IR22. Quand la contamination avait lieu à un stade ultérieur, le laux de dégâts révélait un niveau modéré de résistance bien qu'une certaine croissance de population se soit maintenue, ce qui révèle antibiose et tolérance.Après exploration de la surface des feuilles des deux variétés résistantes, N. lugens sondait moins fréquemment que sur IR22, ce qui laisse présumer un facteur de résistance associé aux cires superficielles de ces variétés.

     

Lysine biosynthesis and the evolution-of pennate marine diatoms

The classification of lysine biosynthetic pathways in various organisms have been used to investigate their descent in evolution. We have attempted these determinations in the diatoms Amphora coffeaeformis var:perpusilla (Grunow Cleve.) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin). Additionally, we have verified earlier results of Vogel in a green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa strain Tx 71105 (Texas Culture Collection). Our research indicates that the diaminopimelic acid route is involved in all three organisms. While these studies do not exclude the possible co-existence of the α-aminoadipic acid route, the results imply a closer evolutionary relationship of pennate diatoms to bacteria and “classical” photosynthetic plants rather than to heterotrophic or mixotrophic fungi and atypical algal strains such as the Euglenophyta.     

Ecological studies on the population of isaza,Chaenogobius Isaza Tanaka,in Lake Biwa,with special reference to the effects of population density upon its growth

1. In order to get the knowledge on the age composition of “isaza” population in Lake Biwa and the effect of population density on growth, monthly distribution of mean body length and mean body weight has been analyzed on the basis of monthly haul by “isazabiki” trawl during 1949 to 1953 and also 1960 to 1965.
2. There is no apparent sex difference in the growth in the first and second years of life.
3. “Isaza” population is composed of two age groups, age 0 and 1 groups (1+fish), the latter occupying by far the greater part in commercial catch.
4. During the growth season fishes of both ages feed mainly on zooplankton, though in winter frequently take chironomid larvae, gammaridae and others in volume.
5. The growth season falls in the period from April to October in both age groups.
6. A considerable yearly variation occurring in growth is in close connection with the fluctuation of population density of all ages.
7. The influence affected by the density of age 1 group is larger than that by age 0 group.

     

大麦条纹花叶病毒新疆株(BSMV-XJ)RNA_2的cDNA克隆及5′端序列分析

分离了大麦条纹花叶病毒(BSMV)新疆株基因组的3个RNA组份。以RNA2为模板,3′端互补寡核苷酸为引物,合成了第一条cDNA链和第二条cDNA链,将ds-cDNA重组在pUC9质粒中,转化大肠杆菌细胞,获得含RNA3′端的克隆,并证明所选克隆的cDNA含有新疆株几近全长的RNA2组份。对于插入片段为3.3kbp的112号克隆进行了酶谱分析,得到了与国外典型株类似的结果;用双脱氧终止法分析了相当于RNA 2 5′端250bp的cDNA酶切片段,表明与国外典型株有十分相似的一级结构。     

The spatial distribution pattern of the brown planthopperNilaparvata lugens Stål (Homoptera: Delphacidae) in west Java,Indonesia

Spatial distribution pattern of the brown planthopper (BPH) was analyzed at 9 experimental fields in the northern part of West Java during two consecutive rice cropping seasons, i.e., wet and dry seasons. The population of each developmental stage and wing form of BPH at each location showed consistent departure from the random (Poisson) distribution, the variances of the densities in most cases exceeding their means. Namely, the distribution pattern of BPH per hill of rice plant was found to have a general tendency to be aggregated or contagious and to fit fairly well to the negative binomial model. The tendency for aggregation was further confirmed by both the β-values of -m regression being larger than unity and the C_A-values being larger than zero for each developmental stage. Although significant variations in the distribution pattern as measured by β- or C_A-value were observed between different developmental stages, between wing forms and among locations, the degree of aggregation for a given developmental stage at each experimental field remained fairly stable throughout the crop period, despite wide temporal changes in population density. Possible factors to explain these characteristics of the spatial distribution pattern of the BPH in West Java were discussed with reference to the process generating it.     

Genetic research as the valid base of strategies for breeding rust resistant wheats

It is known that few wheat cultivars maintain their resistance to rust diseases for a long period of time, particularly when crop populations become genetically more uniform. A number of genetically diverse, so far unexploited, sources of rust resistance in the natural as well as mutagenized population of wheat cultivars were identified. Several of these genes were placed in agronomically superior well-adapted backgrounds so that they could be used as pre-breeding stocks for introducing genetic diversity for resistance in a crop population. Some of these stocks when employed as parents in several cross combinations in a breeding programme have generated a number of promising cultivars with diversity for resistance.Many presently grown wheats in India, near-isogenic lines each with Lr14b, Lr14ab, Lr30 and certain international cultivars were identified as possessing diverse sources of adult plant resistance (APR) to leaf rust. Prolonged leaf rust resistance in some of the Indian cultivars was attributed to the likely presence of Lr34 either alone or in combination with other APR components. Tests of allelism carried out in certain cultivars that continue to show adequate levels of field resistance confirm the presence of Lr34, which explains the role that this gene has played in imparting durability for resistance to leaf rust. Also, Lr34 in combination with other APR components increases the levels of resistance, which suggests that combination of certain APR components should be another important strategy for breeding cultivars conferring durable and adequate levels of resistance. A new adult plant leaf rust resistance source that seems to be associated with durability in Arjun has been postulated. Likewise, cultivars possessing Sr2 in combination with certain other specific genes have maintained resistance to stem rust.Further, non-specific resistances that were transferred across widely different genotypes into two of the popular Indian wheats provided easily usable materials to the national breeding programmes for imparting durable resistance to stripe rust.     

The role of β- and α-adrenoreceptors on blood flow and temperature of brown adipose tissue and involvement of nitric oxide in their effects

1. o

2. 1. Isoproterenol increased interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) blood flow and temperature.

3. 2. Phenylephrine increased BAT temperature, but did not affect blood flow. The effect was completely suppressed by N^ω-nitro- -arginine methyl ester ( -NAME), an inhibitor of endogenous NO synthesis.

4. 3. Isoproterenol plus phenylephrine increased BAT blood flow and temperature earlier than isoproterenol alone.

5. 4. CL316,243 increased BAT blood flow and temperature. These effects were also inhibited by -NAME.

6. 5. These data suggest that BAT blood flow as well as thermogenesis is regulated mainly by β-adrenoreceptors and partly by α₁-adrenoreceptors, and NO may be a common mediator for their regulations.

     

The nature and frequency of agonism in free-ranging and semi-free-ranging brown lemurs,Eulemur fulvus

Agonistic behaviour was studied in three groups each of free-ranging and semi-free-ranging brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus) at Berenty, Madagascar and the Duke University Primate Center (DUPC) respectively. The purpose of the study was to answer questions arising from the work of other researchers regarding the frequency and intensity of agonism in this species. Authors of field studies generally concluded that agonism was rare and mild, whereas those who had studied semi-free-ranging or captive animals at the DUPC reported intense agonism during the peaks of the mating and birth seasons, with sometimes fatal wounding occurring among captive animals. I recorded 30 agonistic behaviours or “signals” which I grouped into seven general categories — cuffs, other physical contact, threats, chases, third party intervention, unprovoked submissive signals, and reciprocal aggression. The seven categories represent the types of signals which initiated or otherwise defined agonistic interactions, regardless of whether or not there was a submissive response to aggression. The relative percentages of all agonism constituted by the seven categories were not found to be significantly different between study sites. Agonistic signals were also classified as either subtle or obvious, a classification which crosscut the seven categories. At both study sites, the majority of agonistic signals initiating or defining interactions were subtle. Rates of agonism for the Berenty groups, studied during the birth season only, were significantly lower than those for the DUPC groups during the birth season, possibly due to (1) easier observation conditions at the DUPC, and (2) the impossibility of successful emigration at the DUPC, which might have resulted in social stresses translating into higher rates of agonism. In only one DUPC group was there significant variation in rates of agonism between seasons. I found agonistic behaviour to be mild, at both study sites, in the senses of subtlety of both aggressive and submissive signals, unlikelihood of response to aggression, and virtual absence of wounding; and I noted that serious wounding during other studies at the DUPC involved animals captive in caged runs. Comparing rates of the study groups with rates reported in other research for brown lemurs, other lemuriform species, and some New and Old World anthropoid species, I concluded thatE. fulvus agonism was in fact not rare except in comparison to baboons and macaques.     

条锈菌侵染初期小麦初生叶内可翻译mRNA的变化

小麦条锈菌毒性小种及其无毒性突变型侵染初期,是不亲和反应的小麦叶片内可翻译ｍＲＮＡ水平迅速增加,而呈亲和反应叶片的增加幅度小且滞后。同时前者的Ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ＋）－ＲＮＡ水平高于未接种对照,后者低于对照。３２Ｐ标记实验证实不亲和反应叶片Ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ＋）－ＲＮＡ的合成增加早于亲和反应叶片。Ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ＋）－ＲＮＡ体外翻译产物经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分离后,放射自显影图谱显示一些多肽条带的３５Ｓ－Ｍｅｔ相对掺入量有定量差异。