Synthesis and properties of thymidines with six-membered amide bridge

Artificial thymidine monomers possessing amide or N-methylamide bridges were designed, synthesized, and introduced into oligonucleotides. UV-melting experiments showed that these oligonucleotides preferred single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in duplex formation. Both amide- and N-methylamide-modified oligonucleotides led to a significant increase in the binding affinity to ssRNA by up to +4.7 and +3.7 °C of the T_m value per modification, respectively, compared with natural oligonucleotide. In addition, their oligonucleotides showed high stability against 3′-exonuclease.     

Inclusion complexation behavior of dyestuff guest molecules by a bridged bis(cyclomaltoheptaose)[bis(beta-cyclodextrin)] with a pyromellitic acid diamide tether

A novel bridged bis(beta-cyclodextrin) with a pyromellitic acid 2,5-diamide tether (2) has been synthesized by reaction of 6(I)-(2-aminoethyleneamino)-6-deoxycyclomaltoheptaose [mono 6-(2-aminoethyleneamino)-6-deoxy-beta-cyclodextrin] with 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride. Its inclusion complexation behavior with some representative dyestuffs, i.e., Acridine Red (AR), Rhodamine B (RhB), Neutral Red (NR), Brilliant Green (BG), was studied by using UV-absorption, fluorescence, and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Fluorescence titrations have been performed at 25 degrees C in pH 7.2 buffer solution to calculate the binding constants of resulting complexes. These results obtained indicated that bis(beta-cyclodextrin) 2 exhibits the strongly enhanced binding ability with all dye molecules examined compared with natural cyclodextrins. The binding modes of 2 with dye molecules have been deduced by 2D NMR experiments to establish the correlations between molecular conformations and binding constants of inclusion complexation. It is found that the improved binding ability and molecular selectivity of 2 could be attributed to double-cavity cooperative inclusion interaction and the size/shape matching between the host and guest.     

Synthesis and characterization of the chromium(III) complexes of ethylene cross-bridged cyclam and cyclen ligands

Dichloro(4,10-dimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazabicyclo[5.5.2]tetradecane)chromium(III) chloride, Dichloro(4,10-dibenzyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazabicyclo[5.5.2]tetradecane) chromium(III) chloride, and Dichloro(4,11-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2] hexadecane)chromium)(III) chloride have been prepared by the reaction of anhydrous chromium(III) chloride with the appropriate cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycle. Aquation of these complexes proved difficult, but Chlorohydroxo(4,11-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane)chromium)(III) chloride was synthesized directly from chromium(II) chloride complexation followed by exposure or the reaction to air in the presence of water. The four complexes were characterized by X-ray crystal structure determination. All contain the chromium(III) ion in a distorted octahedral geometry and the macrocycle in the cis-V configuration, as dictated by the ethylene cross-bridge. Further characterization of the hydroxo complex reveals a magnetic moment of μ_eff = 3.95 B.M. and electronic absorbtions in acetonitrile at λ_max = 583 nm (ε = 65.8 L/cm mol), 431 nm (ε = 34.8 L/cm mol) and 369 nm (ε = 17 L/cm mol).     

Serial incorporation of a monovalent GalNAc phosphoramidite unit into hepatocyte-targeting antisense oligonucleotides

The targeting of abundant hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) with trivalent N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) is a reliable strategy for efficiently delivering antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to the liver. We here experimentally demonstrate the high systemic potential of the synthetically-accessible, phosphodiester-linked monovalent GalNAc unit when tethered to the 5′-terminus of well-characterised 2′,4′-bridged nucleic acid (also known as locked nucleic acid)-modified apolipoprotein B-targeting ASO via a bio-labile linker. Quantitative analysis of the hepatic disposition of the ASOs revealed that phosphodiester is preferable to phosphorothioate as an interunit linkage in terms of ASGPR binding of the GalNAc moiety, as well as the subcellular behavior of the ASO. The flexibility of this monomeric unit was demonstrated by attaching up to 5 GalNAc units in a serial manner and showing that knockdown activity improves as the number of GalNAc units increases. Our study suggests the structural requirements for efficient hepatocellular targeting using monovalent GalNAc and could contribute to a new molecular design for suitably modifying ASO.     

Design,synthesis and SAR study of bridged tricyclic pyrimidinone carboxamides as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors

The design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships associated with a series of bridged tricyclic pyrimidinone carboxamides as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer are described. Structural modifications to these molecules were made in order to examine the effect on potency towards wild-type and clinically-relevant resistant viruses. The [3.2.2]-bridged tricyclic system was identified as an advantageous chemotype, with representatives exhibiting excellent antiviral activity against both wild-type viruses and the G140S/Q148H resistant virus that arises in response to therapy with raltegravir and elvitegravir.     

Copper(II) complexes derived from tripodal tris[(2-ethyl-(1-pyrazolyl)]amine

Three mono-nuclear copper(II) complexes [Cu(tepza)X]ClO₄ (X = Cl, 1; X = NCS, 2; X = dca, 3) and two dinuclear bridging complexes [Cu₂(tepza)₂(μ-C₄O₄)](ClO₄)₂·H₂O(4) and [Cu₂(tepza)₂(μ-C₅O₅)](ClO₄)₂(5) where tepza = tris[2-ethyl(1-pyrazolyl)]amine, dca = dicyanamide, C₄O₄²⁻ = 3,4-dihydroxycyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dionate (squarate dianion) and C₅O₅²⁻ = 4,5-dihydroxycyclopent-4-ene-1,2,3-trionate (croconate dianion) were synthesized and structurally characterized by IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy as well as by single X-ray crystallography. In the solid state, the geometry of copper(II) centers in these complexes are as follows: close to SP in 2, distorted TBP in 3, predominant SP in 4, and distorted octahedral in 5, whereas in solution distorted SP geometry was generally found. The squarato and the croconato dianions in complexes 4 and 5 are bridging the two copper(II) centers in cis-bis-monodentate and bis-bidentate bonding modes, respectively. Magnetic susceptibility measurements at variable temperatures (2-300 K) reveal the weak antiferromagnetic coupling in the two bridging dinuclear complexes 4 (J = −24.9 cm⁻¹) and 5 (J = −3.1 cm⁻¹).     

Metal-carboxylate interactions in metal-alginate complexes studied with FTIR spectroscopy

FTIR spectroscopy was used in order to obtain information about metal-carboxylate interactions in metal-alginate complexes of alginic acid and sodium alginate from the brown algae Laminaria digitata after crosslinking with Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Pb²⁺. From the frequencies of the characteristic peaks for asymmetric COO stretching vibration (ν_asym(COO⁻) and symmetric COO stretching vibration (ν_sym(COO⁻)) a ‘pseudo bridged’ unidentate coordination with intermolecular hydrogen bonds is proposed for the metal-carboxylate complexes in polyguluronic regions while for the polymannuronic regions the bidentate bridging coordination was proposed. The PIB factor introduced previously as a relationship between metal sorption and frequencies of the asymmetric vibrations was found not to correlate with sorption capacity or any other physical property of the metal-alginate complexes studied.     

A novel resolution of a pharmaceutically important bridged bicyclic ketone intermediate via selective enzymatic reduction with a commercially available ketoreductase

An efficient route to the pharmaceutically important (6S,9R)-11-oxo-5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-6,9-methanobenzocyclooctene intermediate has been demonstrated via kinetic resolution of 11-oxo-5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-6,9-methanobenzocyclooctene using a commercially available ketoreductase. Biocatalytics KRED 101 has been shown to selectively reduce the (6R,9S) enantiomer leaving behind the desired (6S,9R) enantiomer. This novel reaction is the first demonstration of a high yielding (44% versus 50% maximum theoretical yield) highly stereoselective (>99% ee) resolution of a bicyclic ketone, via enzymatic reduction using a commercially available ketoreductase, where the stereochemistry of the substrate is determined by a bridged ring system. Several challenges were overcome, including enhancing the selectivity of the enzyme by controlling temperature and increasing substrate solubility by employing a combination of cyclodextrin and organic co-solvent in the aqueous reaction system.     

Protein repertoire impact of Ubiquitin-Proteasome System impairment: insight into the protective role of beta-estradiol

The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) and the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathways (ALP) are key mechanisms for cellular homeostasis sustenance and protein clearance. A wide number of Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDs) are tied with UPS impairment and have been also described as proteinopathies caused by aggregate-prone proteins, not efficiently removed by proteasome. Despite the large knowledge on proteasome biological role, molecular mechanisms associated with its impairment are still blur. We have pursued a comprehensive proteomic investigation to evaluate the phenotypic rearrangements in protein repertoires associated with a UPS blockage. Different functional proteomic approaches have been employed to tackle UPS impairment impact on human NeuroBlastoma (NB) cell lines responsive to proteasome inhibition by Epoxomicin. 2-Dimensional Electrophoresis (2-DE) separation combined with Mass Spectrometry and Shotgun Proteomics experiments have been employed to design a thorough picture of protein profile. Unsupervised meta-analysis of the collected proteomic data revealed that all the identified proteins relate each other in a functional network centered on beta-estradiol. Moreover we showed that treatment of cells with beta-estradiol resulted in aggregate removal and increased cell survival due to activation of the autophagic pathway. Our data may provide the molecular basis for the use of beta-estradiol in neurodegenerative disorders by induction of protein aggregate removal.