DIVERSITY OF HALOGENATED SECONDARY METABOLITES IN THE RED ALGA LAURENCIA NIPPONICA (RHODOMELACEAE,CERAMIALES)1,2

Many morphologically similar, but chemically distinct, populations have been found in the marine red alga Laurencia nipponica Yamada (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) growing in Japan. Each chemical type is characterized by a specific end-product of halogenated secondaly metabolite synthesis: chamigrane-type sesquiterpenoids such as prepacifenol and halochamigrene epoxide and C₁₅ bromoethers such as laurencin, laureatin, isoprelaurefucin, epilaurallene, and kumausallene. These seven types of secondary metabolite syntheses remained the same in the wild and under various culture conditions. Because bromoethers and terpenoids are probably synthesized by different metabolic pathways, it is virtually certain that different sets of enzymes participate in their synthesis. Prepacifenol- and laureatin-producing populations were selected as representatives of terpenoid and bromoether groups, respectively. F₁ tetrasporophytes derived from crosses between reciprocal, female and male gametophytes of prepacifenol- and laureatin-producing strains bore both types of metabolites, suggesting that the genes Producing these enzyme systems are encoded by nuclear genomes. The F₁ gametophytes resulting from the reciprocal crosses produced either prepacifenol or laureatin, and the four individuals derived from spore tetrads (a set of tetraspores derived from a single tetrasporangium) produced either prepacifenol or laureatin in a 1:1 ratio, indicating that genes participating in terpenoid synthsis and those participating in bromoether synthesis are on different loci of homologous chromosomes and are segregated at meiosis (tetrasporogenesis). One individual of this interpopulational F₁ gamtophyte produced both parental types of metabolite, perhaps indicating the occurrence of a recombination type. Natural hybrid individuals, including such recombination-type gametophytes, were found in a sympatric locality at which these two chemical types occur. F₁ tetrasporophytes derived from crosses between respective prepacifenol- and laureatin-producing strains and their F₁ gametohytes produced only parental-type metabolite-producing plants. These results indicate that the diverse chemical types can be referred to as races (chemical races).     

穿龙薯蓣的花序特征研究

花序是影响植物繁殖的关键性状,也在分类学和系统发育研究中起着重要作用。药用植物穿龙薯蓣（Discorea nipponica）的花序类型具有多样型,但目前相关研究资料较少,且常有争议。为明晰穿龙薯蓣的花序类型及特征,本研究以观察测量为主,结合石蜡制片技术,对穿龙薯蓣的花序形态、数量性状及发育过程进行研究。结果表明：穿龙薯蓣雌花形成腋生的穗状花序,具退化雄蕊,具花粉囊,但不产生花粉;雄花序特征与现有资料的描述不尽相同,雄花序生于叶腋或顶生于侧枝,花序主轴为无限花序,侧轴为蝎尾状单歧聚伞花序,整体为形似穗状的混合花序;由于雄株部分侧枝叶片退化,腋生花序向顶逐渐短缩,与顶生花序结合呈圆锥状;雄花序的长度、小花数量、小花密度及花期时间等均高于雌花序。本研究发现,穿龙薯蓣雌雄花序形态与有限花序向无限花序演化过程相符,具原始性,可保证传粉的成功率,增强对环境的适应性。     

大孔吸附树脂富集穿龙薯蓣水溶性皂苷工艺研究

以穿龙薯蓣水溶性皂苷的洗脱率、精制度为指标,考察大孔吸附树脂对穿龙薯蓣水溶性皂苷的吸附性能和洗脱参数。实验结果表明:经ZTC澄清剂澄清后的穿龙薯蓣水溶性皂苷提取液40 mL(6.57 mg/mL)上大孔树脂柱(R25 mm×H100 mm,干重6.0 g),用蒸馏水80 mL、50%乙醇100 mL依次洗脱。穿龙薯蓣水溶性皂苷富集于50%乙醇洗脱液部位,洗脱率达80%以上,干燥后总固物中穿龙薯蓣水溶性皂苷纯度可达26.1%,达到较好的纯化目的。     

柴黄姜的传粉生物学特性

对产自湖北武当山的柴黄姜（Dioscorea nipponica subsp．rosthornii Prain et Burkill）的花部特征和访花昆虫种类及访花行为、访花频率和携粉量进行了研究,并对柴黄姜的传粉方式、结实和种子萌发状况进行了检测。结果表明,柴黄姜具有虫媒花的典型花部特征,共观测到访花昆虫4目34种,其中传粉昆虫6种,隧蜂属（Halictus sp．）和地蜂属（Andrena sp．）的2种昆虫是柴黄姜的主要传粉昆虫。访花昆虫对雄株的访花高峰时段为11：00至14：00,对雌花没有明显的访花高峰时段。在自然条件下,柴黄姜的座果率为18．86％,结实率为7．12％,种子萌发率为64．76％。在武当山,柴黄姜种群扩展仍以有性繁殖为主,无性繁殖为重要补充。     

Identification of structure and antioxidant activity of a fraction of polysaccharide purified from Dioscorea nipponica Makino

A large number of polysaccharides are present in boiling-water extraction of Dioscorea nipponica Makino. A DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography was used to isolate the major polysaccharides from D. nipponica Makino. The largest amount of fraction of polysaccharide was subjected to further purification by gel-filtration on Sephadex G-100. The purified fraction was a neutral polysaccharide and a single peak in HPLC with Sugar KS-804 column, with a molecular weight of 38,000, and comprised mainly of glucose and fructose (45:1). Analysis by Periodate oxidation–Smith degradation indicated that there were 5.9%(1→)-glycosidic linkages, 4.94% (1 → 2)-glycosidic linkages, 61.16% (1 → 4)-glycosidic linkages, and 28% (1 → 3)-glycosidic linkages. On the basis of superoxide radical assay, hydroxyl radical assay, and self-oxidation of 1,2,3-phentriol assay, its antioxidant activity was investigated. This purified fraction of polysaccharide exhibited equivalent inhibiting power for self-oxidation of 1,2,3-phentriol to Vc, a little higher scavenging activity of superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical than Vc, and should be explored as a novel potential antioxidant.     

Chemical races in the red alga Laurencia nipponica (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales)

Genetic variation in the synthesis of halogenated secondary metabolites in the Japanese marine red alga Laurencia nipponica Yamada (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) has been investigated in laboratory crossing experiments and chemical analyses, F₁ tetrasporophytes and F₁ gametophytes resulting from crosses within chemical races produced major metabolites characteristic of these races. F₁ tetrasporophytes derived from reciprocal interracial crosses produced: (i) both parental types of secondary metabolites; (ii) either of the parental types; or (iii) a further major compound in addition to both parental types or in addition to either of the parental types. The latter cases suggest that hybrid-specific products were formed by the combined enzymatic complements of the parents, as F₁ gametophytes derived from these interracial F₁ tetrasporophytes yielded one or other of their parental products in an approximate 1:1 ratio. The population structure was analyzed at localities in Hokkaido, where two of the chemical races occur sympatrically. At Usujiri (Minami-kayabe), where the prepacifenol race and the laureatin race were sym-patric, hybrid gametophytes (recombination type) were found in high frequency in addition to hybrid tetra sporophytes, which strongly suggests that a new, pre-pacifenol/laureatm race is beginning to be produced by natural hybridization and recombination. By contrast, at Oshoro Bay, where the laurencin race and the epi-lauraliene race grew together, the interracial hybrids were rare: only a few tetrasporophytes (probably F₁ generation) were found, suggesting that racial integrity may be retained by habitat segregation and/or the absence of recombination-type gametophytes.     

Observations on Aulacoseira nipponica from Lake Biwa, Japan, and Aulacoseira solida from North America (Bacillariophyceae)

A recent diatom, Aulacoseira nipponica (Skvortzow) Tuji comb. et stat. nov., is described from Lake Biwa, Japan, where they had been identified previously as Aulacoseira solida (Eulenstein) Krammer. These forms are compared with populations of A. solida from North America. The Japanese species differs from the North American specimens in characteristics related to the density of striae and form of the rimoportulae.     

吉林省担子菌补记(九)

报道了6种吉林省新记录担子菌,即长孢马勃Lycoperdon oblongisporum Berk.& M.A.Curtis、小林块腹菌Kobayasia nipponica(Kobay·)S.Imai et A.Kawam.、扇形小香菇Lentinellus flabelliformis(Bolton)S.Ito、乳酪金钱菌Collybia butyracea(Fr.)P.Kumm.、赤褐棘刚毛状菌(拟)Echinochaete ruficeps(Berk·& Broome)Ryvarden、蜂斗叶杵瑚菌(拟)Pistillaria petasitidis S.Imai。其中,赤褐棘刚毛状菌和蜂斗叶杵瑚菌为中国新记录种。标本保存于吉林农业大学菌物标本馆(HMJAU)。     

Phylogeography and refugia of the Japanese endemic alpine plant, Phyllodoce nipponica Makino (Ericaceae)

Aim  This study aims to elucidate the phylogeography of the Japanese endemic alpine plant, Phyllodoce nipponica Makino (Ericaceae) and to infer the location of refugia of alpine plants in Japan during climatic oscillations.
Location  Alpine zone in the Japanese archipelago.
Methods  We determined the chloroplast (cp) DNA haplotypes of 155 individuals (22 populations) based on sequence data from the trnL-F and trnT-L intergenic spacers and the trnL intron, whose phylogenetic relationships were analysed using the program tcs . To examine the genetic structure, analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) was carried out and the population differentiation was shown by the parameters G _ST and N _ST.
Results  The haplotype composition and the results of amova showed that populations in the Japanese Central Mountain Region (JCMR) and in the westernmost region were highly divergent (18.8%). The diversity within populations was very high in the JCMR ( h _S = 0.421); less variation was found within populations located in other regions at lower elevations.
Main conclusions  Phyllodoce nipponica survived climatic changes during the Quaternary in the JCMR and the westernmost region. Most of the distribution range was colonized during only one range expansion. The source location from which the range expansion occurred was unclear.     

我国薯芋皂甙元的工业生产和资源的回顾与展望

本文对我国薯芋皂素(Diosgenin)的工业生产进行了概略回顾,对各种工艺流程进行了比较,并介绍了薯芋属植物的资源现状。