薜荔榕小蜂产卵和传粉行为

薜荔榕小蜂Blastophaga pumilae是薜荔的传粉昆虫,栖息于薜荔隐头花序中,在其生物学行为中以钻入花序产卵或传粉最为关键。研究表明：薜荔榕小蜂钻入花序平均费时69.48 min,标准差13.26 min;伤残程度很高并能在伤残的情况下完成产卵或传粉;卵的尾丝能起标识作用避免重复产卵;进入雌花序的小蜂具逃离花序的行为但不能实现;1只小蜂平均产528个卵或为1 072.4朵雌花授粉。     

Predation on the pollinating fig wasp of Ficus erecta by larvae of Silba sp. (Diptera: Lonchaeidae)

This study examined the insect assemblage within the syconium of the dioecious fig Ficus erecta Thunb., 1786 (Moraceae) on Kii‐Oshima Island, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. Species present included pollinating and non‐pollinating fig wasps Blastophaga nipponica Grandi, 1921 and Sycoscapter inubiae Ishii, 1934, respectively, as well as an undetermined species of Silba Macquart, 1851 (Diptera: Lonchaeidae). Larvae of Silba sp. were found only in fig syconia containing B. nipponica. Observations revealed that larvae of Silba sp. fed on female adults of B. nipponica within fig galls by thrusting their heads through the intersegmental membrane. Furthermore, larvae of Silba sp. had a high predation rate (90%). These observations suggest that larvae of Silba sp. are specialized for feeding on B. nipponica and have a negative effect on populations of this species.     

薜荔榕小蜂(Blastophaga pumilae Hill)与薜荔(Ficus pumila L.)的共生关系

榕属(Ficus)植物皆具隐头花序,我国有120种,分布很广。榕小蜂与榕树有着密切的共生关系。本文首次报道了我国此类动、植物的共生现象;发现了在同一个花序中雄花迟熟达一年的第一例植物;摸清了我国大陆新分布的薜荔榕小蜂的生活史;论述了发育的同步性、结构与功能的统一性。其内容可作为了解榕属植物的隐头花序与榕小蜂特殊的形态结构、生活方式、传粉过程及体现在其中的生钫进化辩证法则的代表。因取材于分布最广的薜荔,敬为相关学科的教学、科研提供了生动易得的倒证。文末提出尚待解决的问题。     

粗叶榕（Focis hirta）繁殖系统的特征及其共生的榕小蜂

本文对粗叶榕(Focis hirta)的外部形态、花序结构以及寄主和传粉者的繁殖特性作了比较详细的观察和研究,讨论了它们互惠共生关系的一些基本特征。它的专性传粉者是榕小蜂科(Agaonidae)榕小蜂亚科(Agaoninae)的爪哇榕小蜂(Blastophaga javana Mayr)。观察发现粗叶榕还存在两种非授粉小蜂Sycoscapter sp．和Philotrypesis sp．,它们在榕果外产卵。     

天仙果与两种隐头花序小蜂的相互关系

天仙果（Ficus erecta var.beecheyana）花为单性花、雌、雄异株、分别形成雌、雄花序,雌花序着生雌花,雄花序着生雄花和瘿花。花序中生活着银纹榕小蜂（Blastophaga silverstriana）和榕长尾小蜂（Sycoscapter sp.）。前者是唯一能进入雄花序腔产卵或雌花序腔传粉的昆虫,是天仙果专一性共生的传粉者;后者不能进入花序,在花序外通过产卵器将卵产在瘿花子房中,是植食性的寄生者。自然状态下天仙果每个雄花序均被2种小蜂产卵,平均每个花序出飞银纹榕小蜂208.2只、榕长尾小蜂64.2只。人为封堵花序口,银纹榕小蜂无法进入花序产卵,平均每个花序出飞榕长尾小蜂165.6只,是自然状态下的2.5倍,显然,2种小蜂互为竞争对手,榕长尾小蜂是榕-榕小蜂共生体系的破坏者。     

Chemosensory attraction of fig wasps to substances produced by receptive figs

In the mutualism between figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and their species-specific fig wasp pollinators (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae), location of a receptive host tree by the adult insect is a critical step. The adult female wasp lives only a few days, and must usually fly to a different tree than her natal tree to locate receptive figs. Trees in receptive phase often occur at very low densities. Reproductive success of both fig and wasp depends on trasmission of a very strong signal by the plant. Some evidence exists for the role of olfaction in location of receptive hosts by fig wasps, but very little work has been done on the chemical ecology of host location and host specificity. Here the first experimental evidence is presented for long-distance olfactory attraction of wasps by volatile substances produced by receptive figs, and for short-distance or contact chemostimulation by host volatiles that elicit entry of the wasp into the fig. In studies usingFicus carica L., pentane extracts of receptive-phase figs attract the pollinatorBlastophaga psenes L. from distances of at least 5 m in the field. Short-distance chemostimulation was demonstrated in laboratory bioassays. Pentane extracts of receptive figs, when painted onto the ostiole of non-receptive figs, elicit entry of pollinator wasps. Figs emit volatile compounds attractive to pollinating wasps only during the period of receptivity; pentane extracts of non-receptive figs are not attractive. A simple reliable procedure is described to compare the attractivity of different types of extracts (total, internal, and external extracts) and of different fractions, in the first step towards identifying attractant substances.     

粗叶榕—爪哇榕小蜂共生体系的研究

粗叶榕是榕属灌木或小乔木 ,雌雄异株。一年到头皆有不同发育阶段的花序 ,序内开花同步 ,株内开花异步。雌花序有长柱雌花平均为 641 .2枚 ,雄花序中有短柱雌花 (瘿花 )平均为 488.2枚 ,自然状态下结实率和成虫率分别为 5 1 .3 7%和 3 6.1 1 %。榕小蜂科的爪哇榕小蜂是粗叶榕的传粉者 ,是共生体系的真正的互惠共生伙伴。二者在形态结构、生理功能上高度互适 ,粗叶榕必须依靠爪哇榕小蜂的传粉才能获得有性生殖 ;而爪哇榕小蜂又必须依赖粗叶榕的短柱头雌花作为繁殖后代的场所 ,才能获得种群的繁衍。     

薜荔榕小蜂的营养成分研究

分析了薜荔榕小蜂的营养成分。结果表明：蛋白质含量为１８３１ ％ ,氨基酸含量为１８１３ ％ ,粗脂肪含量为７６３ ％ ,总黄酮含量为２７８ ％ ,维生素 Ｅ 含量为４９６１ ｍ ｇ／１００ｇ 。人体所需的矿质元素也比较丰富。