Characterization and flocculating properties of a novel bioflocculant produced by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus circulans</Emphasis>

We studied a novel bioflocculant, PX, that is produced from Bacillus Bacillus circulans X3, and has excellent flocculating activity with regard to its characterization and flocculating properties. The bioflocculant was purified from supernatant by ethanol precipitation, dialysis and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The major component of PX was an acid polysaccharide including uronic (19.8%), pyruvic (6.5%) and acetic acids (0.7%). It consisted of galactose, mannose, xylitol, rhamnose and galacturonic acid in an approximate molar ration of 5:4.1:3:2:1.2. The molecular weight of PX was about 4.85 × 10⁴ Da as determined by GPC. The infrared spectrum of the bioflocculant indicated the presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino and methoxyl groups. Studies of the flocculating properties revealed that it was stable at 60–100°C and pH 4–10. Moreover, it could flocculate a kaolin suspension over a wide range of pH and temperature in the presence of CaCl₂.     

Recent advances in extracellular biopolymer flocculants

Extracellular biopolymer flocculants (EBFs) are flocculating substances, consisting of polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, which are secreted in the culture broth by many microorganisms. Some of EBFs have attracted much attention as biodegradable and nontoxic substitutes for conventional chemical flocculants. This paper reviews the recent development of EBFs. Aspects discussed include an introduction to conventional chemical flocculants and EBFs, isolation of novel bioflocculant-producing microorganisms, culture conditions, chemical structure and molecular weight of EBFs, the physico-chemical factors affecting flocculating activity, fermentation process design and recent and emerging application fields of EBFs.     

高效微生物絮凝剂产生菌TJ-3的絮凝特性分析

从活性污泥中分离筛选出一株高效絮凝剂产生菌TJ-3, 经生理生化试验检测其属于革兰氏阴性菌, 短杆状, 16S rDNA测序鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌。生长曲线表明, TJ-3的生长稳定期较长, 所产微生物絮凝剂(MBF)的稳定性良好。TJ-3产MBF对高岭土悬液具有良好的絮凝效果, 最佳条件下的絮凝率为98.2%。絮凝活性分布实验结果表明, TJ-3所产MBF的活性物质大部分存在于离心后的沉淀物中。处理100 mL高岭土悬液, pH值8.5、1%(质量分数)CaCl2溶液投加量3.5 mL、菌液投加量1.5 mL时, 絮凝效果最佳。     

絮凝菌株Shinella sp. xn-1对铜绿微囊藻的絮凝效果

【目的】研究絮凝功能细菌xn-1对有害水华藻——铜绿微囊藻的絮凝效果,以期为有害水华的治理提供新的选择。【方法】采用涂布划线法从藻际分离纯化絮凝功能微生物;基于16S r RNA基因序列确定进化地位;通过不同金属离子确定絮凝机制;梯度醇沉法获得絮凝物质;以酶标仪测定絮凝效率。【结果】菌株xn-1确定属于申氏杆菌属(Shinella),且命名为Shinella sp.xn-1。在添加Ca~(2+)作为促凝剂的条件下对铜绿微囊藻表现出高效的絮凝效果,其絮凝效果主要来源于胞外上清,而表现出高效的絮凝效果所需要的胞外上清添加量为3.0%。从胞外上清中获得的絮凝物质以0.5 g/L的添加量作用于藻细胞后表现出高效的絮凝效果,且随着处理时间增加,絮凝团的体积增大。【结论】Shinella sp.xn-1通过分泌胞外絮凝物质对铜绿微囊藻表现出高效的絮凝效果,在絮凝作用下藻细胞聚集在一起形成大体积的絮凝团,该研究有利于治理有害水华。     

Recent advances in polysaccharide bio-based flocculants

Natural polysaccharides, derived from biomass feedstocks, marine resources, and microorganisms, have been attracting considerable attention as benign and environmentally friendly substitutes for synthetic polymeric products. Besides many other applications, these biopolymers are rapidly emerging as viable alternatives to harmful synthetic flocculating agents for the removal of contaminants from water and wastewater. In recent years, a great deal of effort has been devoted to improve the production and performance of polysaccharide bio-based flocculants. In this review, current trends in preparation and chemical modification of polysaccharide bio-based flocculants and their flocculation performance are discussed. Aspects including mechanisms of flocculation, biosynthesis, classification, purification and characterization, chemical modification, the effect of physicochemical factors on flocculating activity, and recent applications of polysaccharide bio-based flocculants are summarized and presented.     

Characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) fractions from excess sludges and their effects on bioflocculability

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of biological origin are ubiquitous in excess sludges and can be applied as an underlying bioflocculant, owing to their high content of macromolecules and cations. However, low flocculating activity limits the feasibility of their practical applications. This study provides a novel EPS fractionation approach to improve their flocculability by extracting an active EPS fraction and removing the others with low flocculability. The results showed that for two excess sludges (called sludge A and sludge B), the tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) fraction possessed a high flocculating rate to kaolin suspension compared with the other EPS fractions [i.e., supernatant, slime, and loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) fraction] (>54.1 ± 1.4% vs <7.8 ± 1.6%). High bioflocculability of TB-EPS fraction could be attributable to high contents of macromolecules (330–1200 kDa) and trivalent cations (Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺). Further investigation reveals that the TB-EPS fraction caused aggregation of particles by bridging and sweep flocculation.     

Characterization of bioflocculant MBF3-3 produced by an isolated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus </Emphasis>sp.

Summary  The characteristics of bioflocculant MBF3-3 produced by Bacillus sp. BF3-3 were investigated here. MBF3-3 showed excellent flocculating activity on real and synthetic wastewaters, and consumed a much lower dosage than that of the widely used polyaluminum chloride (PAC) when flocculating brewery wastewater. Except Fe³⁺, metal ions, including Al³⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺, can stimulate the flocculating activity of MBF3-3 obviously, and the stimulating effects increased in the order: monovalent < bivalent < trivalent. MBF3-3 was mainly composed of acidic polysaccharide (66.1%) and protein (29.3%), in which acidic polysaccharide was the main effective flocculating component. OH and COO– groups may play a vital role in the flocculation of suspended particles.     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选、鉴定及其培养条件的优化研究

采用常规细菌分离方法从土壤中筛选出一株高效絮凝剂产生菌,编号为B6。经过形态学特征、生理生化反应及16S rDNA序列(GenBank accession No.DQ115363)同源性比较鉴定该菌株为恶臭假单胞菌,命名为Pseudomonas putidaB6。对其培养基进行研究,确定其最佳的碳源和氮源,并通过正交试验确定其最佳的培养基成分配比(ρ/gL^-1)为葡萄糖15、果糖3、KH₂PO₄1.0、K₂HPO₄3.0、MgSO₄0.1、NH₄NO₃0.8、(NH₄)₂SO₄1.5、酵母汁0.2、NaCl0.1。同时对其培养条件进行研究,确定最佳的培养基初始pH值为8.0、培养温度为30℃、摇床速度为160r/min,以及产絮凝剂的周期变化过程。用高岭土悬浮液对其絮凝条件进行研究,确定培养液最佳的絮凝条件。     

Production and characteristics of a bioflocculant produced by Bacillus sp. F19

A bioflocculant-producing bacterium isolated from soil was identified as Bacillus sp. and the bioflocculant produced was named MBFF19. Effects of physico-chemical conditions including pH, carbon sources and nitrogen sources on MBFF19 production were studied. Chemical analyses of the purified bioflocculant MBFF19 indicated that it was a sugar-protein derivative, composed of neutral sugar (3.6%, w/w), uronic acid (37.0%, w/w), amino sugars (0.5%, w/w) and protein (16.4%, w/w). The two neutral sugar components were mannose and glucose and the molar ratio was 1.2:1. Infrared spectrophotometry analysis revealed that MBFF19 contained carboxyl, hydroxyl and methoxyl groups in its structural. Flocculating properties of bioflocculant MBFF19 was examined using kaolin, activated carbon and fly coal suspension. Cation supplement had no positive effects on the flocculating activity whereas the presence of Fe3+ inhibited flocculation. Influences of pH and bioflocculant dosage on the flocculation were also examined.     

生物絮凝剂的最新研究进展及其应用

从絮凝剂的来源和分子组成两方面对生物絮凝剂进行了系统分类,综述了生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选模型以及生物絮凝剂在水处理和发酵工业中的应用,详细阐述了目前国内外提出的几种不同的生物絮凝剂絮凝机理,进而在此基础上剖析了目前生物絮凝剂研究工作中仍然存在的问题,并提出生物絮凝剂今后的主要研究方向。