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1.
D. F. Roberts 《International Journal of Anthropology》1996,11(2-4):185-191
As a conclusion, this paper reviews briefly the content of the volume. The wealth of demographic data has not been adequately
exploited in anthropology; this is why this publication is valuable in showing attempts to apply demographic data in a variety
of anthropological problems. This symposium has explored many interesting points which we recall here. Yet it has also opened
up a whole range of further questions on the material presented as well as in this broad field. Several directions of research
could be developed, for instance, testing among human populations, over long periods, the ecological thoughts of ecosystems
evolving as a cascade of instabilities, rather than a succession of equilibrium states. Let us also recall the pervasive nature
of demographic facts in topics such as the energy cycle or the genetic structure and evolution of human populations. 相似文献
2.
R Macchiarelli 《American journal of physical anthropology》1989,78(4):575-594
The Ra's al-Hamra prehistoric fishermen lived in isolation on the Qurum rocky promontorium in Oman during the 5th-4th millennia BC. To date, they represent the most ancient and numerous human fossil group excavated from the Arabian peninsula. Like other contemporaneous archaeologically documented small communities along the desert Arabian coasts, they intensively exploited ocean resources and collected molluscs from nearby mangrove swamps. The present study analyzes aspects of dental anthropology (including crown variation, morphology, dental wear, and oral health), in 600 permanent teeth from 49 individuals of both sexes excavated at the Mesolithic RH5-site by the Italian Archaeological Mission in Oman from 1981 to 1985. In association with a general low degree of morphometric variation, the Ra's al-Hamra dental crowns show low sexual dimorphism and are consistently reduced in size. These features are unexpected in a preagricultural population, especially when these data are compared to other eastern African and near Middle Eastern prehistoric populations. These data are discussed within the general context of human dental structural reduction occurring during the post-Pleistocene and are interpreted according to the "increasing population density effect" model. There are other significant differences that characterize the Ra's al-Hamra dentitions with respect to both eastern and western prehistoric human groups. The frequency of numerous nonmetric crown traits supports the hypothesis that a microdifferentiation phenomenon occurred in this marginal area. The preliminary skeletal analysis and the palaeodemographic profile show that the Omani prehistoric fishermen were affected by genetic isolation and inbreeding as well as strong environmental stress. Because of the grit assimilated with dried fish and the high shellfish consumption, dental wear was extreme in all age groups at Ra's al-Hamra and occasionally was responsible for serious hematogenously spread infections. In spite of the great anthropological importance of ancient Arabian populations, very few studies on skeletal and dental samples have been completed. The present paper offers an odontological data set for future comparative research in the area. 相似文献
3.
4.
James D. Paterson 《American journal of physical anthropology》1983,60(1):125-125
An apparently new type of dental wear pattern, lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth (LSAMAT), has been found in 85% of 46 adult crania from a 3000–4200 BP Archaic site called Corondó near the Atlantic Ocean coast of Brazil. LSAMAT is associated with a high caries rate (60% of 77 adults; 11% of 1,219 permanent teeth) in what on archeologica grounds alone would be considered a mainly meat-eating population. It is suggested that both LSAMAT and caries resulted from eating some starchy plant like manioc. 相似文献
5.
N. Telmon D. Rougé J. F. Brugne J. Pujol G. Larrouy L. Arbus 《International Journal of Anthropology》1996,11(1):1-9
Two methods, a visual method based on the appearance of the auricular surface of the ilium and a metric method based on two
dental criteria, were used in conjunction for estimation of skeletal age at death in paleodemographic study of an ancient
cemetery, and were found to be coherent. However, the paleodemographic profiles differed according to sex, indicating a sexual
difference in the evolution of the sacroiliac joint. 相似文献
6.
C. Sauvain-Dugerdil G. Boëtsch C. Serrano-Sanchez 《International Journal of Anthropology》1996,11(2-4):3-11
this first paper introduces the topic of the volume, outcomes of a symposium organised at the 13th ICAES held in Mexico in
August 1993. It briefly reminds of the convergence between anthropology and demography up to date and stresses on the need
of real transdisciplinary work in this challenging domain. The aim of the symposium was to make a contribution on the central
theme chosen by the congress — the cultural and biological dimensions of global change — while examining the place of demographic
anthropology in the study of change. The papers presented at the symposium have been organised in three parts which form the
present volume: the composition of population, the choice of spouse and mobility, the reproduction and dynamics of populations.
The basic mechanisms of change are considered through examples at the level of local populations. This also leads to question
the definitions of human groups and to make a “declaration” stressing on the importance of individual heterogeneity and the
arbitrariness and reductive nature of any grouping of individuals, stating therefore the misapprehension of the most recent
scientific work inherent to the rationale of programs of “ethnic cleasing”.
Translated from the french by prof. Derek F. Roberts 相似文献
7.
John Curry Rebecca Huss-Ashmore Brian Perry Adrian Mukhebi 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》1996,24(2):161-189
As livestock disease control programs in Africa begin to rely more upon para-professionals and livestock producers as deliverers of animal health care services, understanding the role different household members play in providing animal health care becomes increasingly important. This paper presents a framework for the analysis of gender aspects of livestock disease control based on a similar framework developed by Feldstein and Poats (1989). The utility of this framework is illustrated using household-level data collected from a district in central Kenya. Adult women and elderly men in the sample have primary responsibility for livestock care, and are therefore well placed to diagnose illness. Dipping and spraying of animals to prevent tick-borne and other diseases is the primary responsibility of adult males. Decisions regarding use of milk from the morning milking are more likely to be made by adult men. It is morning milk that is most often sold. Adult women, however, make decisions about use of evening milk, which is most often kept for household consumption. Knowledge of livestock diseases did not appear to vary significantly by gender, although some elderly men did possess extensive knowledge of indigenous disease categories and traditional remedies. The importance of recognizing gender issues in planning and implementing livestock disease control programs is discussed. 相似文献
8.
The frequency and form of the middle trigonid crest (MTC) in lower permanent molars is reported for 1,131 dental casts of Bushman (San), Bantu, Solomons, Hawaiians, Pima, Eskimo, Navajo, Chinese, and American whites. The MTC occurs most often on the first molar. We found very little intra-trait variation, so observations were scored on a present-absent basis. The MTC is most frequent in the African samples and rare in those of the other populations. Two reference plaques can be obtained to add to the existing series in the ASU dental anthropology system. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
9.
Variation in tooth crown morphology plays a crucial role in species diagnoses, phylogenetic inference, and the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the primate clade. While a growing number of studies have identified developmental mechanisms linked to tooth size and cusp patterning in mammalian crown morphology, it is unclear (1) to what degree these are applicable across primates and (2) which additional developmental mechanisms should be recognized as playing important roles in odontogenesis. From detailed observations of lower molar enamel–dentine junction morphology from taxa representing the major primate clades, we outline multiple phylogenetic and developmental components responsible for crown patterning, and formulate a tooth crown morphology framework for the holistic interpretation of primate crown morphology. We suggest that adopting this framework is crucial for the characterization of tooth morphology in studies of dental development, discrete trait analysis, and systematics. 相似文献