河口盐沼植物对大型底栖动物群落的影响

通过对长江口崇明东滩盐沼海三棱燕草带大型底栖无脊椎动物进行取样调查,研究了不同盐沼底栖动物群落结构及其多样性特征,分析了盐沼植物群落特征与底栖动物群落的关系。研究发现。（1）沿着河口盐沼海拔梯度,从低位盐沼到高位盐沼,底栖动物群落结构及多样性具有明显的梯度变化;（2）盐沼植被与底栖动物群落有密切的关系,尤其是植株高度,地下部分生物量与底栖动物密度,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数,物种丰度的相关性最显著。（3）盐沼植被影响底栖动物群落,是由于植物的地下部分和地下部分结构导致盐沼生境结构复杂,增加了沉积物表层环境的结构异质性,使生境多样化,给底栖动物提供大量生活空间,（4）不同盐沼带海三陵蔗草群落的差异,提供了盐沼表层地貌的变化,这种变化及植物结构的复杂化,在这一些动物提供拓殖地的同时,也为底栖动物躲避捕食者提供了避护所;（5）盐沼植被可以改变口潮滩生境中的沉积环境,并通过消浪、缓流及调节有机质的输入动态和沉积作用而影响底栖动物群落的组成和结构。     

安徽长江滩地杨树人工林个体生长与水淹状况的关系

通过对长江滩地连续７年的水文动态以及滩地杨树人工林年轮生长序列的研究,分析杨树人工林个体生长与水淹时间、水淹深度以及气候因子的相应关系,建立相关模型。结果表明,林分个体胸径分布格局与滩地的高程具显著的相关性,水淹深度对直径生长的影响大于水淹的时间,而当年的径向生长与前一年８、９月水淹情况以及气候因子的关系明显。在滩地营造杨树人工林,以丰产为目的宜选择深度小于２ｍ的地域造林,淹水深度超过２ｍ的地域宜     

傅家边丘陵山地滨梅根围AM真菌与土壤酶活性的关系

为揭示AM真菌对宿主滨梅（Prunus maritima）的作用特点及对根部土壤酶活性的影响,于2009年4月、7月和10月分别从江苏傅家边丘陵山地滨梅根围分0～10、10～20、20～30、30～40、40～50 cm 5个土层采集土壤样品,观察滨梅AM菌根结构,测定了AM真菌侵染率、孢子密度、土壤磷酸酶、脲酶活性及有效磷、碱解氮含量,着重分析了AM真菌与土壤酶活性之间的关系。结果表明,滨梅能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系,共生体为泡囊-丛枝结构;AM真菌侵染率和孢子密度分别在7月份和10月份最高,均出现在0～20 cm土层,并随土层加深而下降;AM真菌侵染率与土壤酸性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶、碱磷酸酶活性显著正相关,而与脲酶活性无相关性;AM真菌孢子密度与碱性磷酸酶、脲酶活性呈极显著正相关关系;孢子密度与土壤有效磷、土壤碱解氮含量显著正相关,但AM真菌侵染率仅与土壤有效磷含量显著正相关;孢子密度与菌根侵染率之间无相关性。可见,滨梅AM真菌侵染率与孢子密度有明显的时空分布并与土壤因子尤其是某些土壤酶活性密切相关,且AM菌根的形成是滨梅适应丘陵山地干旱贫瘠环境的有效对策之一。     

滩地植被景观斑块分布特征与生态潜力评价

斑块大小是研究景观要素特征的一个主要参数。物种动态、潜在生境、潜在林产品(木材)、能量、养分和水流以及很多其它参数都受到景观中斑块大小的影响。将研究区域--富阳市富阳镇段滩地划分为6大类81个基本类型,并将其归为低水平斑块(基本类型对应斑块)和高水平斑块(大类对应斑块),采用极大似然估计法进行了研究,Kotliar和Wiens提出的斑块结构的等级框架是对斑块意义的更完整的理解,研究过程中对斑块的确定符合Kotliar和Wiens的等级思想。充分考虑了两个水平上的斑块,及它们对应于斑块类型的两个水平,研究表明:低水平的斑块内部具有较高的同质性,而高水平的斑块内部具有较低的同质性;在两种斑块水平上都显示出斑块大小分布是明显右偏的;只有少数类型斑块大小的分布服从负指数分布,而绝大多数斑块大小的分布服从对数正态分布,这对斑块内的群落和生态系统的稳定性和保护提供了参考。     

Anatomical glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and symmetric rotational strength in male and female young beach volleyball players

Beach volleyball is a sport with a high demand of shoulder structures that may lead to adaptations in range of motion (ROM) and strength like in other overhead sports. Despite of these possible alterations, no study evaluated the shoulder adaptations in young beach volleyball athletes. The aim of this study was to compare the bilateral ROM and rotation strength in the shoulders of young beach volleyball players. Goniometric passive shoulder ROM of motion and isometric rotational strength were evaluated in 19 male and 14 female asymptomatic athletes. External and internal ROM, total rotation motion, glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD), external rotation and internal rotation strength, bilateral deficits and external rotation to internal rotation ratio were measured. The statistical analysis included paired Student’s t-test and analysis of variance with repeated measures. Significantly lower dominant GIRD was found in both groups (p < 0.05), but only 6 athletes presented pathological GIRD. For strength variables, no significant differences for external or internal rotation were evident. Young beach volleyball athletes present symmetric rotational strength and shoulder ROM rotational adaptations that can be considered as anatomical. These results indicate that young practitioners of beach volleyball are subject to moderate adaptations compared to those reported for other overhead sports.     

东海北部滨海湿地铁氧化细菌的分布及其对不同氧气穿透深度的响应

【目的】滨海湿地生态系统位于淡水与海水交互地带,含有高浓度Fe²⁺的地下水渗透到沉积物表层形成的湿地径流和周期性潮汐淹水形成的含氧-缺氧界面有利于铁氧化细菌介导的Fe²⁺的生物氧化过程发生。然而,目前缺乏对滨海湿地生态系统中铁氧化细菌类群的全面评估。【方法】以上海崇明西沙湿地公园及浙江舟山市朱家尖岛东沙沙滩两地共5处滨海湿地沉积物为研究对象,分析沉积物的氧气穿透深度等环境参数,并基于16S rRNA基因扩增子测序技术,全面解析不同滨海湿地生态系统中细菌与铁氧化细菌的群落组成与分布特征。【结果】与崇明西沙湿地相比,朱家尖岛东沙沙滩有更深的氧气穿透深度,达到10 mm以上。非度量多尺度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)统计结果表明,细菌群落结构主要受到区域位置不同导致的环境条件差异的影响,而铁氧化细菌的群落结构则受到采样的区域位置和沉积物氧气穿透深度的共同影响。崇明西沙湿地和朱家尖岛东沙沙滩的优势细菌为蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria);优势铁氧化细菌为嘉利翁氏菌属(Gallionella)、红细菌属(Rhodobacter)、Lepthothrix和Sideroxydans。【结论】通过对崇明西沙湿地和朱家尖岛东沙沙滩沉积物中栖息的铁氧化菌的调查发现,铁氧化细菌的群落组成与湿地沉积物类型导致的氧气穿透深度差异具有密切联系。     

Beach morphology and food web structure: comparison of an eroding and an accreting sandy shore in the North Sea

Food web components and inorganic nutrients were studied on two sandy shores of the adjacent barrier islands of Sylt and R?m? in the North Sea, differing in morphodynamics. Implications of high and low wave energy on the food web structure were assessed. The Sylt shore represents a dynamic intermediate beach type, while the R?m? shore is morphologically stable and dissipative. On the steep-profiled, coarse-grained Sylt shore, strong hydrodynamics resulted in erosion and high fluxes of organic material through the beach, but prevented any storage of food sources. In contrast, the flat-profiled, fine-grained R?m? shore, with low wave energy and accretion, accumulated organic carbon from surf waters. At Sylt, oxic nutrient regeneration prevailed, while anoxic mineralization was more important at R?m?. Macrofauna on the Sylt shore was impoverished compared with the community at R?m?. Correspondingly, abundances of epibenthic predators such as shrimps, crabs, fish, and shorebirds were also lower at Sylt. Meiofauna was abundant on both shores, but differed in taxonomic composition. Several major taxa were represented in fairly equal proportions of individual numbers on the well-oxygenated Sylt shore, while nematodes strongly dominated the assemblage at R?m?. Thus, on cold-temperate, highly dynamic intermediate shores with high wave energy and subject to erosion, the "small food web" dominates. Organisms are agile and quickly exploit fresh organic material. Larger organisms and nematodes abound under stable, dissipative and accreting shore conditions, where some food materials may accumulate and zoomass builds up to support numerous visitors from higher trophic levels. Electronic Publication     

Status and metabolism of iron in elite sportsmen during a period of professional competition

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of both acute exercise and maintained training during a period of competition (3 mo, at the start of the season) on iron metabolism in sportsmen on a professional volleyball team. Twelve sportsmen volunteered for this study. The exercise test was performed on a mechanically braked Monark cycle ergometer and consisted of a triangular progressive test. Three blood samples were obtained in each test: at rest, just after exercise, and after recovery. The following hematological parameters were determined: red blood count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hto), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total proteins (TP), serum iron (Fe) and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), ferritin (FER), transferrin (TRF), haptoglobin (HPT), and serum cortisol (COR) concentrations. We have found changes in hematological and biochemical variables related to Fe metabolism during the study. The changes observed could be the result of hemoconcentration processes after exercise and, at least in part, to physical stress and muscular damage. We conclude that athletes, after a period of adaptation, with a good plan of work/recovery series, undergo a biological redistribution on hematological and biochemical parameters concerning Fe metabolism during the training and competition period. Also, daily Fe supplementation could restore and mask the true repercussions of maintained training observed in other sports.     

降雨对秦皇岛西浴场细菌总数和可培养菌群组成的影响

【目的】研究降雨条件对浴场细菌总数和优势菌群组成的影响。【方法】2014年8月强降雨前后采集秦皇岛西浴场3个站位的海水样品,采用荧光显微镜计数法和平板计数法分别对细菌总数和可培养细菌总数进行计数;对群落结构组成进行分析,并对可培养细菌进行鉴定。【结果】雨前3个站位细菌总数和可培养细菌总数平均值分别为5.6×10~9 CFU/L和8.3×10~7 CFU/L,雨后分别为9.2×109 CFU/L和2.1×10~8 CFU/L。在可培养菌群中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria,雨前占80%,雨后占73%)是主要的微生物类群,其次为拟杆菌门(Bacteroides,雨前占12%,雨后占13%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,雨前占7%,雨后占11%)等;肠杆菌属(Enterobacter spp.,21株)、海杆菌属(Marinobacter spp.,13株)、弓形菌属(Arcobacter spp.,13株)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas spp.,10株)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus spp.,10株)和弧菌属(Vibrio spp.,6株)为雨前可培养细菌优势属,而雨后可培养细菌优势属为肠杆菌属(22株)、海杆菌属(21株)、芽孢杆菌属(14株)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter spp.,11株)、假单胞菌属(9株)和弓形菌属(5株)等。【结论】降雨对细菌总数有显著的影响,同时降雨后浴场微生物群落结构发生了改变。     

丛枝菌根真菌对滨梅扦插苗生根、生长和抗病相关酶活性的影响

研究Glomus mosseae,G.diaphanum和G.etunicatum对滨梅插条生根、生长和抗病相关酶活性的影响.结果表明:G.mosseae侵染导致最高生根百分率(47.6%),最多次生细根(20.4条),最高的根干重(0.26 g),最高的地上部分干重(3.55 g),最高的幼苗高度(51.3 cm)及...