Palatability and feeding preferences of Uresiphita maorialis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) for three Sophora species

In a three-hour bioassay, we tested the palatability and feeding preferences of Uresiphita maorialis (kōwhai moth) for Sophora tetraptera, Sophora microphylla and Sophora prostrata. Palatability tests showed no differences among the Sophora species. Feeding preferences, on the other hand, showed that S. tetraptera and S. microphylla leaves are preferred over S. prostrata leaves. Our results support our field observations in Wellington city parks and gardens showing that S. tetraptera and S. microphylla plants frequently have higher densities of larvae than S. prostrata.     

四数獐牙菜的胚胎学及其系统学意义

四数獐牙菜花药四室,药壁发育为双子叶型;绒毡层腺质型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型, 四分体的排列方式为四面体形;成熟花粉为3-细胞。子房2心皮,2心皮连接处强烈内凸,4列胚珠。薄 珠心,单珠被,直生胚珠。胚囊发育为蓼型。胚乳发育为核型。胚胎发育为茄型酸浆I变型。反足细胞 在胚囊成熟时期宿存。果实成熟时,种子只发育至球型胚阶段。承珠盘存在。与已研究的獐牙菜种类 的胚胎特征相比较,该种存在三个显著的特点：直生胚珠,心皮连接处强烈内凸,承珠盘存在。这三个特 征目前仅在龙胆族中的花锚属中发现。经过性状分析,它们均是演征,此三个共有演征表明四数獐牙菜 与花锚属是一单系群,它们的亲缘关系最近。这与Yun &; Kupfer(1995)的分子证据部分吻合,因为分 子系统树上的花锚单系支包括花锚、四数獐牙菜和北美的密花属(广义獐牙菜属中的密花组),而后者的 胚胎学特征未有任何报道。胚胎学研究暗示四数獐牙菜的分类学等级有待重新评价,广义的獐牙菜属 有可能不是一单系发生群。     

基于RAD-seq技术的异型花SSR信息分析

用RAD-seq（restriction-site associated DNA sequencing）对异型花（Sinoswertia tetraptera（Maxiowicz） T.N.Ho,S.W.Liu & J.Q.Liu）进行简化基因组测序,并借此分析异型花的SSR（simple sequence repeats）信息。利用SR search软件甄别所得序列中的SSR,得到了双端各有至少100 bp的SSR位点5 844个,其中5 339个（91.38%）成功设计引物,而三核苷酸SSR位点最多（3 323个）;在能成功设计引物的SSR位点中,重复序列长度包括17种（12~36 bp）;重复序列的基序共277种,其中五核苷酸基序种类最多（106种）;随机挑选10对SSR引物,用4个异型花居群的32个个体检测检测其可用性和多态性,经PCR和聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳检测,有4对（ST2、ST3、ST6和ST10）成功扩增并表现出多态性;经GENEPOP 4.4对4个位点分析,显示其等位基因数量均值为6,多态性较高且不连锁（P<0.01）;4个位点在多数居群中偏离哈迪温伯格平衡（P<0.01）且存在较高的纯合子数量（观测杂合度均值0.023）,该结果归因于异型花主要进行自花授粉,在自然界中很难形成进行自由交配的居群;此外,ST2和ST6可在椭圆叶花锚（Halenia elliptica D.Don）中成功扩增,具有潜在通用性。本研究将为日后基于异型花SSR标记的相关研究提供数据库支持。     

The in vivo anthelmintic efficacy of some Verbascum species growing in Turkey

Verbascum L. (Scrophulariaceae) species are used for desiccating wounds and as a fish poison in Anatolia as well as for diarrhea and dysentery of animals in several countries. To further evaluate their activity, methanolic extracts obtained from 13 Verbascum species growing in Turkey, including V. chionophyllum Hub.-Mor., V. cilicicum Boiss., V. dudleyanum (Hub.-Mor.) Hub.-Mor., V. lasianthum Boiss., V. latisepalum Hub.-Mor., V. mucronatum Lam., V. olympicum Boiss., V. pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor., V. pycnostachyum Boiss. & Heldr., V. salviifolium Boiss., V. splendidum Boiss., V. stachydifolium Boiss. & Heldr. and V. uschackense (Murb.) Hub.-Mor. were evaluated for their in vivo anthelmintic activity. The extracts from V. lasianthum, V. latisepalum, V. mucronatum and V. salviifolum showed the highest inhibitory rates against Aspiculuris tetraptera at 100 mg/kg in mice. Additionally, extracts from V. dudleyanum and V. pterocalycinum var. mutense were found generally highly effective. The remaining species did not show any activity. Results of the present study support the utilization of these plant species employed in Turkish folk medicine.     

３种獐牙菜属植物花蜜腺的发育解剖学研究

獐牙菜属的红直獐牙菜、抱茎獐牙菜和四数獐牙菜３种植物花蜜腺都属花被蜜腺,其结构相似,均由分泌表皮和产蜜组织组成,为结构蜜腺,是花冠其部薄壁组织恢复分和能力形成的,分泌表皮无气孔器,原蜜汁由蜜腺周围的维管束提供,经产蜜组织加工后,由分泌表皮外薄的角质层泌出。四数獐牙菜花蜜腺裸露,凸起,而另２化蜜腺凹限为囊状、;红直獐牙菜为脱落蜜腺、而抱茎獐牙菜和四数獐牙菜为宿存蜜腺,其花蜜腺的性状基本印证了３种獐牙菜属植物的系统位置。     

Embryology of Swertia tetraptera Maxim. (Gentianaceae) and its systematic implication

The embryology of Swertia tetraptera is reported for the first time. The anther is tetrasporangiate and its wall, of which the development conforms to the dicotyledonous type, is composed of epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum at the mature stage. The tapetum has dual origin and is similar to the glandular type. Cytokinesis is of the simultaneous type and microspore tetrads are mostly tetrahedral. Pollen grains are mostly 3-celled when shed. The ovary is bicarpellate and unilocular with four series of ovules. The fused margins of two carpels intensively protrude into the locule. The ovule is unitegmic, tenuinucellate and orthotropous. The development of embryo sac is of the Polygonum type. The development of endosperm conforms to the nuclear type and the embryogeny corresponds with the Physalis I variation of Solanad type. Three antipodal cells persist at the mature embryo sac. The embryo is at the globular stage when seeds are released from the capsule. Compared with the other studied species in Swertia, S. tetraptera shows differences from them in three distinctive embryological traits: enlargement and protrusion of the fused margins of two carpels into the ovary locule; orthotropous ovules and a developed hypostase. These three characters were previously only found in the genus Halenia of the tribe Gentianinae in the Gentianaceae,and thus suggest that S. tetraptera should be related to Halenia. The results partly correspond with the molecular evidence (Yuan & Kupfer, 1995). The monophyletic Halenia clade in Yuan & Kupfer's molecular cladogram includes Halenia, S. tetraptera and Frasera (section Frasera in Swertia s. l.); nevertheless, up to now, no embryological study on Frasera has been reported. The embryological results imply that the taxonomic status of S. tetraptera needs to be revaluated and the genus Swertia s. l. may not be a mono-phyletic group. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. 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Embryology of Swertia (Gentianaceae) relative to taxonomy

The embryological features of three species of Swertia ( s.l.) – S. erythrosticta , S. franchetiana , and S. tetraptera – were characterized, and the observations were used, together with previously gathered data on other species, to evaluate a recently proposed polyphyly, based on molecular data, of Swertia s.l. Comparisons of species within the genus showed that they have diversified embryologically, and there are significant between-species differences. Notable features that vary between species include the number of cell layers that form the anther locule wall, the construction of the wall of the mature anther, tapetum origin, the cell number in mature pollen grains, the structure of the fused margins of the two carpels, the ovule numbers in placental cross-sections, the shape of the mature embryo sac, the degree of ovule curvature, antipodal variation and the presence of a hypostase, and seed appendages. They share characters that are widely distributed in the tribe Gentianeae, such as a dicotyledonous type of anther wall formation, a glandular tapetum with uninucleate cells, simultaneous cytokinesis following the meiosis of the microsporocytes, tetrahedral microspore tetrads, superior, bicarpellary and unilocular ovaries, unitegmic and tenuinucellar ovules, Polygonum -type megagametophytes, progamous fertilization, nuclear endosperm, and Solanad-type embryogeny. The presence of variation in embryological characters amongst the species of Swertia s.l. strongly supports the view that Swertia s.l. is not a monophyletic group. Frasera is better separated from Swertia s.l. as an independent genus, and is only distantly related to Swertia s.s. judging from the numerous differences in embryology. Swertia tetraptera is very closely related to Halenia , as they show identical embryology.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 155 , 383–400.