中国跃蛃属(石蛃目,石蛃科)一新种记述

记述采自河南栾川龙浴湾跃蛃属1新种,即Pedetontinus luanchuanensis sp.nov.并修订跃蛃属已知种的检索表。栾川跃蛃,新种Pedetontinus luanchuanensis sp.nov.(图1～28)体长8.5～12.0mm,复眼长/宽为0.84～0.88,中连线/长为0.43～0.48,复眼中缘具浅黄色色斑,阳基侧突为1+5型,阳茎基节/端节为3.0～3.2,阳茎和阳基侧突位于第Ⅸ肢基片的2/3。新种与宋氏跃蛃P.songi Zhang&Li相似,但复眼中连线/长、阳茎基节/端节具明显区别(宋氏跃蛃复眼中连线/长为0.72,宋氏跃蛃P.songi阳茎基节/端节为2.0)。正模♂,编号ZJNUSB040,河南栾川龙浴湾,海拔1045m,2010-08-15,张加勇、李涛采。词源:新种以采集地所在的市命名。     

中国跃蛃属(石蛃目,石蛃科)一新种记述

记述采自江苏南京跃蛃属1新种,老山跃蛃Pedetontinus laoshanensis sp.nov.,通过扩增其线粒体CO Ⅰ基因,与中国已知跃蛹属其它物种进行遗传距离比较,并构建系统发生树,发现其与天目跃蛹P.tianmuensis和武当跃蛹较为接近,这也更加支持了基于形态证据的系统发生关系.并提供了跃蛃属已知19种的检索表.老山跃蛹,新种Pedetontinus laoshanensis sp.nov.(图1～17)体长7.0～9.0mm,复眼长/宽为0.99 ～1.00,中连线/长为0.50 ～0.55,复眼近中连线具浅色白斑,阳基侧突为1+6型,阳茎基节/端节为2.4,阳茎和阳基侧突位于第Ⅸ肢基片的1/2,产卵管初级型,其长略超第Ⅸ腹节的刺突端刺.前产卵管,分49 ～ 50节,后产卵管,分47 ～ 50节.该物种CO Ⅰ基因信息见GenBank No.EU699175～ EU 699177.新种与泰山跃蛹P.songi、天目跃蛃P.tianmuensis和武当跃蛃P.wudangensis相似,但复眼中连线/长、阳茎基节/端节、阳茎和阳基侧突位置、产卵管分节具明显区别.基于CO Ⅰ基因序列构建BI、MP和NJ系统发生树均有效证明老山跃蛃P.laoshanensis为单系群.基于K2p模型,新种与中国跃蛹属其它物种的遗传距离比较,与天目跃蛃P.tianmuensis遗传距离最小9.7％,与栾川跃蛃P.luanchuanensis 遗传距离最大12.1％.结合形态和分子数据证明该物种的有效性.正模♂,江苏南京老山(32°07′N,118°36′E;海拔145m),2004-08-01,李鹏、张加勇采,编号ZJNUSB050.词源:新种种名源自采集地地名.     

Gliding hexapods and the origins of insect aerial behaviour

Directed aerial descent (i.e. gliding and manoeuvring) may be an important stage in the evolution of winged flight. Although hypothesized to occur in ancestrally wingless insects, such behaviour is unexplored in extant basal hexapods, but has recently been described in arboreal ants. Here we show that tropical arboreal bristletails (Archaeognatha) direct their horizontal trajectories to tree trunks in approximately 90 per cent of falls. Experimental manipulation of the median caudal filament significantly reduced both success rate (per cent of individuals landing on a tree trunk) and performance (glide index) versus controls. The existence of aerial control in the ancestrally wingless bristletails, and its habitat association with an arboreal lifestyle, are consistent with the hypothesis of a terrestrial origin for winged flight in insects.     

中国哈蛃属(石蛃目,石蛃科)一新种及赫氏哈蛃重新描述(英文)

记述采自江苏南京栖霞山哈蛃属1新种栖霞哈蛃,即Haslundichilis qixiaensis sp.nov.,并重新描述了采自甘肃天水麦积山的赫氏哈蛃。     

中国跳蛃属(石蛃目,石蛃科)两新种

记述采自海南五指山和福建太姥山跳蛃属2新种,即Pedetontus hainanensis sp.nov.,Pedetonlm zhoui sp.nov.并列出中国跳蛃属已知种的检索表.研究标本保存在浙江师范大学生化学院.     

The female abdomen of the viviparous earwig Hemimerus vosseleri (Insecta: Dermaptera: Hemimeridae), with a discussion of the postgenital abdomen of Insecta

The viviparous, epizoic African earwigs of the genus Hemimerus are currently regarded as the sister taxon of the remaining Dermaptera (Forficulina). Exoskeleton, musculature, and part of the nervous system of the female abdomen, from segment IV on, are described. The morphological interpretation and homology relations of most components are discussed, using previous and original data on Forficulina, Zygentoma, Ephemeroptera, Orthoptera and Dictyoptera as a comparative framework. In the mid-abdominal segments some interesting similarities with Zygentoma are indicated. Focal issues in the postgenital abdomen are the terminal dorsal sclerites, the cercal muscles, and the paraprocts and associated muscles. Earlier hypotheses on the dermapteran postabdomen (opisthomere and pseudocercus hypotheses) and results from ontogenetic studies are scrutinized. Some interesting features detected in female Hemimerus are the immobilization of terga VIII-X by means of a thick internal cuticle layer, the lack of dorsal muscles on these terga, the shift of some insertions of cercal and rectal muscles from tergum X to tergum IX, and minute pits on the venters IX and X that could be spiracle vestiges. Some of these features occur also in other Dermaptera. Some abdominal characters suggest that Hemimerus is nested within the Forficulina. The lack of the clasper-shape in the cerci is not a strong argument against this.     

中国跃蛃属一新种(石蛃目,石蛃科)

描述了采自浙江江山的跃蛃属Pedetontinus 1新种,命名为尹氏跃蛃Pedetontinus yinae sp.nov..描述了新种的形态特征,并同属内近似种进行了比较.模式标本保存于南京师范大学生命科学学院.     

Diskontinuierlich aktive Gene und Evolution Eine Diskussion am Beispiel der Archaeognatha (Insecta)

Discontinuous activity of genes and evolution - a discussion based on examples of the Archaeognatha (Insecta) On the basis of examples, mainly from the group of Archaeognatha (Insecta) it seems probable that, in multicellular organisms, there is not only a discontinuous activity of genes and groups of genes during the individual development, but also during the phylogenesis. The possibility that silent genes can be reactivated is probably an essential reason for the existence of parallelisms and homologous tendencies. Both conceptions have a complementary importance for an establishment of taxa ana the reconstruction of phylogenesis and are defined according to evolutionary genetics. The examples are discussed and the necessity of similar comparative studies in other supraspecific taxa is emphasized.     

WALKING AND JUMPING WITH PALAEOZOIC APTERYGOTE INSECTS

Abstract: Abundant arthropod walking and jumping traces, from the Lower Permian Robledo Mountains Formation of southern New Mexico, provide direct evidence of the locomotory techniques of monurans, an extinct group of archaeognathan apterygote insects. The jumping behaviour of monurans is compared with that of the extant machilid archaeognathan Petrobius. The jumping traces are referred to Tonganoxichnus robledoensis, and demonstrate that monurans were capable of forward progression via a linear succession of jumps of several times their body length. Petrobius also employs an unusual, fast, in‐phase, jumping gait for normal directed locomotion; however, unlike the T. robledoensis traces, these jumps are only about one body length. In‐phase trackways, referred to Stiaria intermedia from the Upper Carboniferous Tonganoxie Sandstone of Kansas, are found in association with Tonganoxichnus traces, indicating that monurans were also capable of such a fast jumping gait. Petrobius employs an escape jump that is more similar in terms of magnitude to those represented by T. robledoensis; however, the escape jump is essentially random in terms of direction and rotation of the body. Out‐of‐phase trackways from the Robledo Mountains Formation, also referred to Stiaria intermedia, are found preceding or following on from several Tonganoxichnus traces, and demonstrate that monurans also used normal, out‐of‐phase, walking gaits across open ground. Analysis of these trackways demonstrates that they used a variety of gaits ranging from very slow and stable gait ratios of 1·2 : 8·8 (i.e. the propulsive backstroke phase comprises 88 per cent of the step cycle) following jumps, to fast gait ratios of 3·3 : 6·7 and 5·0 : 5·0 preceding jumps. Petrobius tends not to use such normal walking gaits unless on the undersurface of rocks, preferring to use the unusual, fast, in‐phase, jumping gait over open ground. Monurans appear to have been capable of many of the same jumping behaviours as Petrobius, apart from the random escape jump. Archaeognathans are the most primitive group of true insects, and the presence of these similar types of jumping behaviours in monurans and machilids suggests that such behaviours were a primitive method of insect locomotion.     

Jumping and the aerial behavior of aquatic mayfly larvae (Myobaetis ellenae,Baetidae)

Mayfly larvae generally are aquatic, but some madicolous taxa (i.e., living in thin water films) crawl over rocks within streams and waterfalls. When startled, these larvae can break the water film, jump, and enter an aerial phase of locomotion. Because mayfly larvae have been suggested as potential exemplars for the origin of insect wings as tracheal gills, and furthermore represent the most basal extant lineage of pterygotes, we analyzed jumping behavior and free-fall trajectories for one such species of mayfly (Myobaetis ellenae, Baetidae) in Costa Rica. Jumping was commonplace in this taxon, but was undirected and was characterized by body spinning at high angular velocities. No aerodynamic role for the tracheal gills was evident. By contrast, jumping by a sympatric species of bristletail (Meinertellus sp., Archaeognatha) consistently resulted in head-first and stable body postures during aerial translation. Although capable of intermittently jumping into the air, the mayfly larvae could neither control nor target their aerial behavior. By contrast, a stable body posture during jumps in adult bristletails, together with the demonstrated capacity for directed aerial descent in arboreal representatives of this order, support ancestrally terrestrial origins for insect flight within the behavioral context of either jumping or falling from heights.