Geographical distribution patterns of Metaeuchromius in Asia and description of a new species from China (Lepidoptera,Crambidae)

The geographical distribution patterns of Asian Metaeuchromius are analysed with MaxEnt and ArcGIS based on known localities and nineteen environmental variables. The results suggest that the most highly suitable area of the genus located in southeastern China. Precipitation of the warmest quarter (Bio18) and temperature seasonality (Bio4) are the most significant variables affecting geographical distribution Metaeuchromius. Furthermore, a new species from Jiangxi Province, southeast China is added to the genus, Metaeuchromius grandispinata Li, sp. nov. Its habitus, tympanic organs and genitalia are illustrated, and two maps showing geographical distribution patterns of Metaeuchromius in Asia are provided.     

入侵害虫菊方翅网蝽在中国的潜在分布预测

菊方翅网蝽Corythucha marmorata(Uhler,1878)是我国新近发现的外来入侵害虫,研究明确菊方翅网蝽在我国的潜在分布范围对其监测预警及科学防控具有重要意义。本研究根据菊方翅网蝽的地理分布数据及相关环境变量,运用Maxent生态位模型与ArcGIS预测了菊方翅网蝽在中国的潜在地理分布范围。预测结果表明:菊方翅网蝽在我国的适生区主要分布于100°～125°E,20°～40°N的亚热带、暖温带区域,其中高适生区主要集中在长江中下游地区,包括浙江、江苏、湖南、上海大部分地区、安徽南部、湖北南部、江西西部及南部、贵州东部、福建东部、广西北部、山东中部、河南南部以及重庆、台湾局部;此外,极端气温、平均气温、最干月份降雨量对菊方翅网蝽的潜在分布影响较大。菊方翅网蝽已在我国成功入侵并迅速蔓延成灾,应在疫区边缘地带加强监测,并采取措施防止其进一步扩散。     

龙葵上柑橘木虱存活观察与黄龙病检测

柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri是毁灭性病害黄龙病的媒介,其寄主范围比较严格,仅为芸香科内的一些植物。研究发现,在自然状态下,柑橘木虱成虫可在柑橘园中常见茄科Solanaceae杂草-龙葵Solanum nigrum上停留。对比试验显示,木虱成虫在龙葵上的存活期最长可达45 d,而在假臭草Eupatorium catarium、含水海绵和无水海绵上分别为24 d、9 d和2 d;通过实时荧光PCR检测发现部分龙葵叶片中含有黄龙病病原菌。这些非寄主植物可能有助于柑橘木虱躲避不良环境或长距离迁移扩散,成为柑橘木虱和黄龙病的潜在库源。     

疏勒河中游生态服务价值对土地利用变化的响应

利用ArcGIS 9.2和ERDAS 9.1软件平台和生态经济学方法,采用Costanza等生态系统服务价值计算公式,结合中国陆地生态系统服务单位面积价值,探讨了疏勒河中游1990-2010年土地利用和生态系统服务价值变化特征.结果表明:1990-2010年,疏勒河中游土地利用以未利用地、牧草地、耕地为主,三者面积占研究区总面积的98.2％,20年间土地利用整体特征并未发生重大变化;疏勒河中游主要土地利用变化发生在耕地、建设用地和牧草地,土地利用动态度分别为13.6％、8.0％和7.7％;生态系统服务价值总体呈上升趋势,从344.85亿元增加到485.11亿元,牧草地和水域对研究区总体生态系统服务价值的贡献率最大.研究区生态经济的发展已经处于低度协调水平的边缘,需要加强生态环境保护力度.     

Past,current, and future trends of red spiny lobster based on PCA with MaxEnt model in Galapagos Islands,Ecuador

In order to enhance in terms of accuracy and predict the modeling of the potential distribution of species, the integration of using principal components of environmental variables as input of maximum entropy (MaxEnt) has been proposed in this study. Principal components selected previously from the principal component analysis results performed in ArcGIS in the environmental variables was used as an input data of MaxEnt instead of raw data to model the potential distribution of red spiny lobster from the year 1997 to 2015 and for three different future scenarios 2020, 2050, and 2070. One set of six original environmental variables pertaining to the years 1997–2015 and one set of four variables for future scenarios were transformed independently into a single multiband raster in ArcGIS in order to select the variables whose eigenvalues explains more than 5% of the total variance with the purpose to use in the modeling prediction in MaxEnt. The years 1997 and 1998 were chosen to compare the accuracy of the model, showing better results using principal components instead of raw data in terms of area under the curve and partial receiver operating characteristic as well as better predictions of suitable areas. Using principal components as input of MaxEnt enhances the prediction of good habitat suitability for red spiny lobster; however, future scenarios suggest an adequate management by researches to elaborate appropriate guidelines for the conservation of the habitat for this valuable specie with face to the climate change.     

亚洲型舞毒蛾在北美的适生性

采用DYMEX V2.0软件和ArcGIS分析工具相结合的方法,提出亚洲型舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar(L.)的DYMEX参数指标体系和适生性评判标准,分析亚洲型舞毒蛾在北美的适生范围与适生程度。研究表明,加拿大的南部、美国的大部分地区以及墨西哥中南部极少部分区域为该虫的适生区。研究结果将为国家植物保护部门提供有关亚洲型舞毒蛾的植物检疫决策支持。     

The current and future potential geographic range of West Indian fruit fly,Anastrepha obliqua （Diptera： Tephritidae）

The West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua （Macquart）, is one of the most important pests throughout the Americas. CLIMEX 3.0 and ArcGIS 9.3 were used to model the current and future potential geographical distribution of this pest. Under current climatic conditions, A. obliqua is predicted to be able to establish throughout much of the tropics and subtropics, including not only North and South America, where it has been reported, but also southern Asia, northeastern Australia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The main factors limiting the pest＇s range expansion may be cold stress. Climate change expands the potential distribution of A. obliqua poleward as cold stress boundaries recede, but the predicted distribution in northwestern Australia and northern parts of Sub-Saharan Africa will decrease because of heat stress. Considering the widely suitable range for A. obliqua globally and in China, enhanced quarantine and monitoring measures should be implemented in areas that are projected to be suitable for the establishment of the pest under current and future climatic conditions.     

利用CLIMEX预测纳塔尔实蝇在中国的潜在地理分布

纳塔尔实蝇Ceratitis rosa Karsch属双翅目实蝇科腊实蝇属,为害30余种经济植物,被我国列为进境植物检疫性有害生物。本研究运用CLIMEX 3.0及ArcGIS 9.3对纳塔尔实蝇在我国目前及未来的潜在地理分布进行了预测。结果显示：在目前的气候条件下,纳塔尔实蝇在我国的潜在地理分布区为18.250°N-30.250°N,其中,华南和东南地区为高度潜在地理分布区,包括四川、重庆、云南、福建、广东、广西、海南以及台湾等地。在未来的气候条件下,2020和2050年潜在地理分布区的北界分别移至31.250°N和32.250°N,且中度潜在地理分布区北移明显;2100年潜在地理分布区的北界移至33.750°N,且高度适生区北移明显。因此建议目前应加强纳塔尔实蝇检疫措施,完善监测体系,监测网点主要设在我国的南方地区,尤其应对云南、广西、广东、福建和海南等地进行长期监测;同时,应对湖南、贵州、江西、湖北、江苏、安徽等省进行定期监测,严防该虫入侵。     

A vegetation-based method to map climatic variation in the arctic–boreal transition area of Finnmark, north-easternmost Norway

Aim To develop a new method for bioclimate mapping where the vegetation layer is the main source of climate information. Location The study area includes four subareas, all situated on the Varangerhalvøya peninsula in Finnmark, north‐easternmost Norway (70–71° N). The four subareas were chosen to represent most of the climatic, topographic, geomorphologic and botanic diversity along the arctic–boreal gradient in the area. The four meteorological stations in the area show a climatic gradient with mean July temperature ranging from 10.1 to 12.3 °C. Methods The new vegetation‐based method is based on the fact that most plant species and plant communities both in the Arctic and adjacent areas have a distribution pattern limited by temperature to some extent. The vegetation is mapped using Landsat TM data and a contextual correction process in a geographic information system. The mapped vegetation units are defined as temperature indicators based on their total distribution patterns and the temperature indicator value of their high frequency and dominant species. The indicator value and degree of cover of all thermophilous vegetation units, within each 500 × 500 m study unit, are combined in a Vegetation‐based Index of Thermophily, VI_tm. This new vegetation‐based method is based on the same basic idea as a recently published floristic‐based method for calculating a Floristic‐based Index of Thermophily, FI_tm. The VI_tm values are tested by comparison with the FI_tm values, and temperature data collected in the field during two growing seasons, and the differences are interpreted ecologically. Results Twenty‐one of the mapped vegetation units were defined as thermophilous and categorized in five groups of temperature indicators. The VI_tm values showed a strong positive linear relationship with the temperatures measured during the years 2001 and 2002, with r² values of 0.79 and 0.85, respectively. The VI_tm values show a high linear relationship (r² = 0.76) with the 71 study units where the FI_tm values were calculated. As interpreted from the relationship with temperature measurements and FI_tm values, the vegetation‐based method seems to work at a broad range of ecological conditions, with very dry, acidic sites being the most important exception. The VI_tm values are related to growing degree‐days of a normal year, and the four subareas are mapped, showing a diversity of 13 bioclimatic classes. The birch forest line is estimated to occur at about 980 °C‐days. The results show climatic gradients with temperatures increasing from the cold coast towards the interior, from wind‐exposed convex hills towards wind‐protected valleys, and from mountain plateaux towards south‐facing lowlands. The north‐easternmost study site at the coast is positioned within the arctic shrub tundra zone. Main conclusions The vegetation‐based method shows a strong positive correlation both with measured temperatures and the floristic‐based method within a broad range of different ecological conditions. The vegetation‐based method has the potential for bioclimatic mapping of large areas in a cost‐effective way. The floristic‐based method has higher accuracy and is more flexible than the vegetation‐based method, and the two methods seem to complement each other.     

利用改进方法预测白蜡窄吉丁在国内的适生区

白蜡窄吉丁Agrilus planipennis在我国正由一种本土次要害虫上升为主要害虫,明确其可能的适生范围、指导各地区及早采取防范措施非常必要.本研究考虑气候、寄主树种分布、气候-寄主树种分布综合数据分别构建模型进行白蜡窄吉丁潜在适生区预测和分析,以期建立一种能够更加准确预测钻蛀类害虫潜在分布区的改进方法.除气候条件外,寄主树种的分布是影响白蜡窄吉丁分布的重要因素,应参与蛀干类昆虫适生区的预测.将非生物因素(气候)以及生物因素(寄主树种分布)作为单一变量时得到的预测结果进行叠加,更加符合白蜡窄吉丁分布现状和生存特性.白蜡窄吉丁在我国仍有继续向中部、南部等未发生区传播扩散的风险,限制敏感寄主树种的栽植是有效防范该虫危害的重要手段.