A TRADE-OFF FOR HOST PLANT UTILIZATION IN THE BLACK BEAN APHID,APHIS FABAE

Many studies on insect herbivores have sought to find trade-offs between utilization of alternate host plants, both to understand the prevalence of specialization and to appreciate the likelihood of sympatric speciation due to disruptive selection. To date, few studies have found trade-offs. Seventy-seven clones of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, were collected from field sites in East Anglia, U.K., over an area of about 10,000 km². These clones exhibit a trade-off in fitness between two alternative hosts, broad bean and nasturtium. This pattern is maintained in the F2 generation. The predominance of broad bean in the area, the fact that clones were only sampled from one of these two hosts, and the absence of “master-of-all-trades” genotypes after recombination all point to the importance of antagonistic pleiotropy rather than linkage disequilibrium in maintaining this trade-off. It is concluded that this population presents strong evidence for a fundamental trade-off for host utilization.     

Effects of inorganic amendments (N,P and K) to soil on the rhizosphere microflora of antirrhinum plants infected withVerticillium dahliae Kleb

Summary A study of the inorganic amendments (N, P and K) to soil, and their effect on the rhizosphere microflora, as well as their relation to the control of wilt of antirrhinum plants caused byVerticillium dahliae Kleb. was done. Ammonium sulphate was the only chemical found to be significantly inhibitory toV. dahliae in vitro. Soil amendments (NPK) affected the rhizosphere microorganisms of the antirrhinum plants. Higher concentration of the chemicals were phytotoxic. It was further observed that ammonium sulphate, and the combined chemicals (NPK 25%) in soil delayed the senescence in healthy plants, suggests that chemical fertilisers affected the host plants directly. Addition of ammonium sulphate (0.25%), calcium nitrate (0.25%, 0.5%) combined NPK (0.25%) to soil caused considerable reduction in disease severity. It is assumed that this reduction may be caused by the (1) fungitoxic nature of the chemicali.e. ammonium sulphate, (2) antagonistic environment for the pathogen in the rhizosphere was boostedi.e. where calcium nitrate was added as soil amendments and (3) reduction in disease severity in soil-amended with combined NPK, may be due to the fact that antagonistic actinomycete population was boosted in the rhizosphere.     

双歧杆菌的粘附特性及其对肠道致病菌的体外拮抗作用

本文采用体外细胞培养法, 从实验室现有的20株不同生境来源的双歧杆菌中筛选具有较强粘附能力的菌株, 并通过混合培养和牛津杯方法, 研究了具有粘附特性的双歧杆菌对肠道致病菌的体外拮抗作用。结果显示, 长寿老人源菌株A03和I06的粘附能力最强, 其菌液对金黄色葡萄球菌及大肠杆菌均具有显著的抑制性, 但是菌体及中和后的发酵液均没有抑菌性, 说明受试菌主要通过其代谢产物中的有机酸来发挥其抑菌性能; 此外, 通过分析比较受试菌和肠道致病菌分别与Caco-2细胞粘附后释放的乳酸脱氢酶量, 证实双歧杆菌与致病菌对细胞的作用具有本质上的区别, 双歧杆菌的粘附能减缓致病菌对细胞所造成的损害。     

两株生防芽孢细菌筛选、鉴定及拮抗研究

【目的】筛选出广谱、高效的生防芽孢细菌,并对其拮抗作用进行研究。【方法】以8种植物病原真菌为靶标菌,通过皿内拮抗和发酵液拮抗能力的测定筛选出2株广谱性和高效性的芽孢细菌B06和B07。【结果】B06对8种植物病原真菌的R2/R1为0.4-1.8,无菌滤液对8种植物病原真菌的抑制率为66.7%-87.5%。B07对8种植物病原真菌的R2/R1为0.23-1.21,无菌滤液对8种植物病原真菌的抑制率为55.56%-81.25%。经16S rRNA序列鉴定,菌株B06和B07都被鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌。【结论】芽孢细菌能够抑制多种植物病原真菌,具有较好的抑病作用。广谱和高效芽孢细菌的筛选在农业生物防治方面具有很大的开发和应用价值。     

两株香蕉枯萎病拮抗细菌的筛选及抑菌机理

【目的】从发病蕉园中的健康香蕉根际筛选能有效抑制香蕉枯萎病病原菌生长的拮抗菌,进一步研究其抑菌机理。【方法】应用双层平板初筛和平板对峙实验复筛具有抑菌效果的拮抗菌;经生理生化试验、16S rRNA基因测序和特异引物扩增对拮抗菌进行鉴定;酸沉淀方法提取拮抗菌发酵液抑菌物质粗提液,基于比色法和HPLC测定粗提液对菌丝蛋白质含量、脂质过氧化、麦角甾醇和果胶酶活性的影响。【结果】筛选获得两株拮抗细菌H-2和H-7,初步鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌,Gen Bank登录号分别为KX791428和KX791430;温室盆栽试验显示,两株拮抗菌对香蕉枯萎病的生防效率分别为59.1%和53.0%;H-2和H-7粗提液处理病原菌菌丝后,因脂质过氧化产生的丙二醛含量显著增加,分别达0.55μmol/L和0.48μmol/L;而蛋白含量、麦角甾醇含量和果胶酶活性均显著下降,其中H-2处理的抑制幅度更大,三项指标分别为0.15 mg/g、1.31 mg/g和0.008 7 U/m L,显著低于对照的0.25 mg/g、1.96 mg/g和0.035 U/m L。【结论】从健康香蕉根际筛选到两株拮抗细菌,两者可能通过增强病原菌菌丝的脂质过氧化和降低细胞代谢产物合成的方式抑制病原菌生长,可为两株拮抗菌的生防应用提供理论依据。     

一株抑真菌、对甜菜夜蛾高效的苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株

为了扩大苏云金芽胞杆菌的杀虫谱及生防范围,通过抑真菌和杀虫生物活性测定,筛选到一株抑真菌并对甜菜夜蛾高效的菌株Bt519-1.此菌株对所测试的小麦赤霉、黄瓜灰霉等8种真菌都有不同程度的抑制作用,且完全抑制这些真菌孢子的萌发.通过室内生物测定发现该菌株对甜菜夜蛾具有很高的杀虫活性,半致死浓度(LC50>)仅为5.5 μg/mL.经特异引物检测,证明该菌株含有6种杀虫蛋白基因:crylAa、crylAb、crylAc、cry1I、cry2和vip3A.经SDS-PAGE分析,Bt519-1菌株分别产生分子量大约为135 kD～130 kD、95 kD、80 kD、70 kD和65 kD～60 kD的几种杀虫晶体蛋白.在有无几丁质的培养基中都能产生较高活性的几丁质酶.试验证明苏云金芽胞杆菌Bt519-1是一株既杀虫又拮抗真菌的多功能生防菌株.     

一株沙门氏菌拮抗菌的筛选及其在污染土壤原位修复中的应用

利用无菌滤纸片平板法从沙门氏菌(Salmonella)污染土壤中筛选到一株有效拮抗沙门氏菌的细菌A45,通过形态学、革兰氏染色和16SrDNA序列同源性分析鉴定为产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes sp.)。温室土培试验和田间原位试验结果都发现,利用该菌株制备的沙门氏菌拮抗菌剂能显著降低土壤中沙门氏菌数量(P0.05),与对照相比土壤中沙门氏菌数量下降2-3个数量级,表明该拮抗细菌可应用于沙门氏菌污染土壤的修复。     

仙客来软腐病拮抗细菌鉴定及其生物防治效果

目的为筛选出仙客来软腐病拮抗细菌及评价其生防效果。方法通过分离和筛选,从温州泽雅高山基地采集健康的仙客来植株分离到13株内生细菌对仙客来软腐病病原菌有较强的抑制作用,其中菌株Y1活性最强且遗传稳定。通过形态特征、生理生化特性分析、16SrDNA序列测定及其系统发育分析研究。结果菌株Y1鉴定为芽胞杆菌,将菌株Y1以发酵液灌根方式回接正常仙客来植株,菌株Y1的发酵液处理仙客来软腐病的防效均大于60％以上。结论菌株Y1具有生防的特点,在花卉产业上具有应用潜力。     

两株棉花立枯病拮抗菌MH1和MH25的筛选与鉴定

从棉花根际分离了1277个细菌分离物,以棉花立枯病病原真菌立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn)为靶标菌,通过平板对峙法获得25个具有拮抗性能的分离物,其中MH1和MH25具有较强的拮抗性能,且拮抗性能稳定,具有较好的生防潜力.经过形态观察、生理生化特征分析及16S rDNA序列分析,MH1为短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus brevis),MH25为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).MH1和MH25的16S rDNA序列在GenBank中注册号分别为:EF488102,EF488103.     

白色念珠菌拮抗菌株的筛选

目的筛选对白色念珠菌具有明显拮抗作用的菌株.方法通过纸片琼脂扩散法(K-B法)观察各菌株对白色念珠菌的拮抗作用;再利用试管法观察有拮抗作用菌株对白色念珠菌的抑菌效果.结果 K-B法表明大肠埃希菌、甲型链球菌和卡他球菌对白色念珠菌无抑菌作用,表皮葡萄球菌、微球菌有抑菌作用,但抑菌环小;枯草杆菌有明显抑菌作用.试管法表明表皮葡萄球菌和枯草杆菌对白色念珠菌均有生物拮抗作用,其抑菌率分别为97%和89.7%.结论枯草杆菌是白色念珠菌的理想拮抗菌株.