国产磨芋属的染色体核型报道(1)

本文报道了磨芋属(Amorphophallus Blume)六个种的染色体数目和核型,其中5个种属于首次报道。其核型公式如下: 1.滇磨芋 K(2n)=2x=26=26m.2.磨芋 K(2n)=2x=26=26m.3.攸落磨芋K(2n)=2x=26=22m(2SAT)+4sm.(2SAT).4.西盟磨芋 K(2n)=2x=26=20m+4sm+2st.5.勐海磨芋 K(2n)=2x=26=22m+4sm.6.白磨芋 K(2n)=2x=26=20m(2SAT)+6sm。     

An assessment of the seascape genetic structure and hydrodynamic connectivity for subtropical seagrass restoration

Seagrass ecosystems have suffered significant declines globally and focus is shifting to restoration efforts. A key component to successful restoration is an understanding of the genetic factors potentially influencing restoration success. This includes understanding levels of connectivity between restoration locations and neighboring seagrass populations that promote natural recovery (source and sink populations), the identification of potential donor populations, and assessment of genetic diversity of restored meadows and material used for restoration. In this study, we carry out genetic surveys of 352 individuals from 13 populations using 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci to inform seagrass restoration activities by: (1) understanding levels of genetic and genotypic diversity within meadows; and (2) understanding genetic structure and patterns of connectivity among these meadows to determine which source sites may be most appropriate to assist recovery of three restoration sites. The study identified high genotypic diversity within the locations analyzed from the Port of Gladstone and Rodd's Bay region, indicating sexual reproduction is important in maintaining populations. Overall, we detected significant genetic structuring among sites with the Bayesian structure analysis identifying genetic clusters that largely conformed to a northern, central, and southern region. This suggests limited gene flow between regions, although there does appear to be some connectivity within regions. The hydrodynamic models showed that seeds were largely locally retained, while fragments were more widely dispersed. Limited gene flow between regions suggests donor material for restoration should be sourced locally where possible.     

Chemical Identity of a Rotting Animal-Like Odor Emitted from the Inflorescence of the Titan Arum (Amorphophallus titanum)

The titan arum, Amorphophallus titanum, is a flowering plant with the largest inflorescence in the world. The flower emits a unique rotting animal-like odor that attracts insects for pollination. To determine the chemical identity of this characteristic odor, we performed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry analysis of volatiles derived from the inflorescence. The main odorant causing the smell during the flower-opening phase was identified as dimethyl trisulfide, a compound with a sulfury odor that has been found to be emitted from some vegetables, microorganisms, and cancerous wounds.     

IMPACT OF IRON LIMITATION ON THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC APPARATUS OF THE DIATOM CHAETOCEROS MUELLERI (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)

Iron starvation induced marked increases in flavodoxin abundance and decreases in light-saturated and light-limited photosynthesis rates in the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri. Consistent with the substitution of flavodoxin for ferredoxin as an early response to iron starvation, increases of flavodoxin abundance were observed before declines of cell division rate or chl a specific photosynthesis rates. Changes in the abundance of flavodoxin after the addition of iron to iron-starved cells indicated that flavodoxin was not actively degraded under iron-replete conditions. Greater declines in light-saturated oxygen evolution rates than dark oxygen consumption rates indicated that the mitochondrial electron transfer chain was not affected as greatly by iron starvation as the photosynthetic electron transfer chain. The carbon:nitrogen ratio was unaffected by iron starvation, suggesting that photosynthetic electron transfer was a primary target of iron starvation and that reductions in nitrate assimilation were due to energy limitation (the C:N ratio would be expected to rise under nitrogen-limited but energy-replete conditions). Parallel changes were observed in the maximum light-saturated photosynthesis rate and the light-limited initial slope of the photosynthesis-light curve during iron starvation and recovery. The lowest photosynthesis rates were observed in iron-starved cells and the highest values in iron-replete cells. The light saturation parameter, I_k, was not affected by iron starvation, nor was the chl-to-C ratio markedly reduced. These observations were consistent with iron starvation having a similar or greater effect on photochemical charge separation in PSII than on downstream electron transfer steps. Declines of the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence in iron-starved cells were consistent with PSII being a primary target of iron starvation. The functional cross-section of PSII was affected only marginally (<20%) by iron starvation, with the largest values observed in iron-starved cells. The rate constant for electron transfer calculated from fast repetition rate fluorescence was found to covary with the light-saturated photosynthesis rate; it was lowest in the most severely starved cells.     

魔芋球茎贮藏淀粉和甘露聚糖粒的形态观察

在光学显微镜和透射电镜下观察了魔芋（Ａｍｏｒｐｈｏｐｈａｌｕｓｃｏｎｊａｃ）球茎中甘露聚糖粒和淀粉粒的形态。两种贮藏多糖分别位于不同的细胞中。淀粉粒在造粉体内发育,以复粒存在,用魔芋球茎仔茎茎尖为材料观察显示,淀粉粒的形成早于甘露聚糖颗粒的形成。甘露聚糖粒形态多数近随圆形,一些甘露聚糖颗粒内包含了针晶体,但多数的甘露聚糖粒内部不包含针晶体,由纯净的甘露聚糖构成。     

Structural and ultrastructural comparison of photophores of two species of deep‐sea fishes: Argyropelecus hemigymnus and Maurolicus muelleri

The structure of the photophores (luminous organs) of two species of deep‐sea fishes from the Strait of Messina, Argyropelecus hemigymnus and Maurolicus muelleri , was examined. Although significant structural differences were identified between species, especially in photophore organization and distribution, ultrastructural comparisons indicated a marked similarity between them. The photocytes exhibited numerous secretory granules, of different electron density, embedded in an extremely developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. Numerous mitochondria were observed among the secretory granules. The lens appeared to be composed of tightly contiguous polyhedral cells. The reflector was made up of cells rich in guanine crystals embedded in an amorphous matrix and appeared to be surrounded by a layer of connective tissue full of melanocytes. Ventrally, every photophore was delimited by a thick cellular layer called the 'gelatinous layer' with dioptric properties. The results confirm that even though A. hemigymnus and M. muelleri differ widely phylogenetically, they exhibit adaptive convergence, involving similar morphology and physiology in these luminous structures.     

魔芋组培良种繁育技术体系新进展

介绍了近年来魔芋组培良种繁育技术体系建设研究中的多项成果,主要魔芋组培原原种工厂化生产技术、种芋包衣技术、质量监控技术和大田栽培配套技术等一系列关键技术研究方面的进展,为魔芋产业发展中成果的转化应用起到了支撑作用.     

THE INLAND CHAETOCEROS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICA1

Five taxa of Chaetoceros occur in inland waters of North America. These most commonly occur in waters with elevated total dissolved solids in arid regions of the western United States and Canada. Chaetoceros amanita Cleve-Euler is characterized by consistently forming relatively long chains of cells and having very spinose primary resting spore valves. Chaetoceros elmorei Boyer also forms long chains of cells which are connected by evident valvar processes; spores are nearly always smooth. Chaetoceros muelleri Lemm. may form short chains with processes between sibling valves, but also produces solitary cells lacking processes. Chaetoceros muelleri var. subsalsum (Lemm.)Johansen et Rushforth is similar to the nominate but never produces cells with Processes. Both of the C. muelleri varieties produce spores with smooth primary valves. Chaetoceros simplex Ostenfeld is characterized by a noncolonial habit, cells lacking processes and the production of resting spores with warty to some what spinose primary valves.     

弥勒魔芋珠芽发育过程的形态学和解剖学研究

珠芽是弥勒魔芋的一种重要营养繁殖器官。以弥勒魔芋为材料,通过形态学观察以及解剖学研究,揭示了弥勒魔芋珠芽形成过程中的一系列特征。结果显示:弥勒魔芋珠芽生长于植株叶柄分叉以及裂叶分叉处,由主干茎或主干叶柄表皮下的薄壁细胞重新获得分裂能力后分化而来。珠芽的发育过程可分为珠芽原基启动形成期,珠芽膨大期和珠芽成熟期。珠芽的生长终止于植株衰老倒伏。研究表明,弥勒魔芋的珠芽生长位点明显区别于其他常见植物,珠芽繁殖是魔芋适应生态环境的一种重要机制。     

60Coγ射线辐照花魔芋球茎的早期诱变效应研究

本试验开展了花魔芋早期诱变效应研究。通过^60Coγ射线辐照后的植株苗期发育观察和根尖细胞学检测分析,结果表明魔芋辐射诱变效应显著：辐照诱发核畸变和染色体畸变,且变异频率与剂量呈二次曲线关系;低剂量时对细胞分裂有刺激作用;辐照抑制芽体发育、苗期生长,抑制效应随剂量增加而加大,直至产生致死作用。依据花魔芋的辐射敏感性,建立了魔芋辐照诱变体系,以催芽球茎为诱变材料,诱变剂量范围为0Gy～50Gy,剂量率为1Gy／min,中等适宜剂量为7Gy～10Gy,致死剂量50Gy。